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STUDIES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND FEEDING HABITS OF SOME FISH SPECIES AND DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE BOYO, ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) TAMIRAT HANDAGO SADE
Lake Boyo is among the few neglected and unexplored small lakes in the Central Ethiopian Rift Valley Region. It is a shallow and turbid lake with surface area of 3.2 square kilometres and surrounded by wetland. Three fish species are known to exist in the lake, namely Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), the straightfin barb Enteromius paludinosus (Peters 1852) and the lapping minnow Garra quadrimaculata (Rüppell, 1835). Neither fishery activity nor fishery research has ever been conducted so far in Lake Boyo. This research was conducted to provide baseline information on some aspects of the reproductive biology and feeding habits of fish species, and physicochemical characteristics of the lake. All the data for this study were collected and analyzed using standardized methods and sampling techniques. For the analysis of reproductive biology and feeding habits, samples of the three fish species were collected from two sites (littoral and open) of the eastern part of the lake from May 2021 to May, 2022 using gill nets of 6, 8, and 10 cm mesh size and a beach seine of 6 mm mesh size. A total of 379 O. niloticus, 513 E. paludinosus, and 290 G. quadrimaculata samples were examined. The water samples for the analyses of physicochemical parameters were collected from two selected sampling sites (littoral and open water area) in wet months (June to September), and dry months (October to December) of 2022. The three fish species breed throughout the year and showed a bi-modal major and minor breeding period. The first peak breeding months occur from February to March and the second minor peak from July to September for O. niloticus, whereas the main breeding season for E. paludinosus was between October and January with a less pronounced reproductive period between March and April. On the otherhand, the first peak breeding period was from June to September and the second peak from January to February for G. quadrimaculata. The fecundity of O.niloticus ranged XIX from 216 to 1,157 eggs per fish while it ranged from 1,078 to 9,683 eggs per fish for E. paludinosus. The result of length at first maturity (Lm50) depicted that the fishes reached sexual maturity at a smaller size and shows early maturity of all the fish species in the lake. The results of the analysis of sex ratio for the fish species examined showed that the distribution of male and female fishes in the lake was not significantly different from the hypothetical 1:1(Male: Female) ratio for O. niloticus and E. paludinosus (1:0.92, p>0.05 and 1:1.03, p>0.05, respectively), while it was significantly different for G. quadrimaculata (1: 0.73, p<0.05). The results of the length weight relationship (LWR) of the fish species suggested a curvilinear relationship (R2= 0.9911, 0.9812 and 0.9766 for O.niloticus, E. paludinosus and G. quadrimaculata, respectively) and, a positive allometric growth pattern (b= 3.1268 and 3.1042 for O.niloticus, E. paludinosus, respectively) while nearly isometric growth pattern (b= 2.977) for G. quadrimaculata. The result of Fulton`s conditon factor (FCF) for the fish species revealed that O.niloticus and E. paludinosus had moderate body condition (FCF= 1.73 and 1.77 for males and females of O.niloticus, respectively, and 1.21 and 1.27 for males and females of E. paludinosus, respectively), while it was low for G. quadrimaculata (FCF= 0.011 and 0.0112 for males and females, respectively). The feeding habits of the fish species showed that the fishes feed on a variety of food items including detritus, phytoplankton, macrophytes, insects and zooplankton and they are ominivorous in their feeding habits. Detritus was the main food item for the fish species in general. The fishes showed seasonal variations in feeding habits during the dry and wet months. From these results it was concluded that the fishes are omnivorous in Lake Boyo. The results of the physical and chemical features of the lake shows that the lake water was slightly warm, alkaline, contained more TDS and EC, very turbid, low transparency and with relatively high inorganic nutrients (NO3- and PO4 3-) which support most of the aquatic life. Generally, based on XX the results it is concluded that Lake Boyo is a low productive inland freshwater ecosystem in the Ethiopian Rift Valley basin. The high amount of detritus in the stomachs/guts of the fishes and lower condition factor of the fish with reference to other lakes indicate that productivity of Lake Boyo is low. Further research is recommended on macrophyte, phytoplankton and zooplankton composition, biomass and productivity of Lake Boyo.
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION, GENERATION RATE, AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KABRIDEHAR, ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) MUHUMED MOHAMED IBRAHIM
Attributable to the population and various activities entailed, Tertiary Educational Institutions (Universities) are one of the large producers of solid wastes, which, if not properly managed, could pose risk to health and the environment. Consequently, information on the solid waste generation and composition is a critical first step towards developing successful and effective planning of solid waste management service and strategies across university campus. This study aimed to assess the solid waste composition, generation rate, and management practices at the University of Kabridahar (UoK). Total population sampling method was employed to include all 28 buildings of the university. All of the waste containers placed at all the buildings consisting of 24 dustbins and 15 dumpsters were the measurement sites. Onsite Segregation and Weighing were used to assess the quantity and characteristics of the solid waste generated at UoK. Conversely, Key Informant Interview and Direct Observation were employed to generate qualitative data. Stratified Random Sampling technique was also used to select 373 respondents for the evaluation of the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the university's population towards solid waste management (SWM) using a close-ended, self-administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed in SPSS using frequency, chi-square, and crosstab analysis to describe the data and examine associations between the KAP statements and demographic features. The results revealed that the UoK generated an average of 2172.5 kg/day. The per capita waste was 0.40 kg/day. The major waste sources were cafeteria (48.1%), dormitories (25.1%), academic and research (14.9%), and administrative (8.9%) buildings. The waste is composed of organics (54.5%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (18.8%), paper and cardboards (16.3%), plastics (5.9%), metal (2%), textiles (1.6%), glass (0.5%), medical (0.3%), and miscellaneous (0.1%). From the generated waste, 45.1% were recyclable, 54.5% compostable and 0.4% non recoverable. Despite the implementation of essential SWM practices, there were still instances of improper SWM practices. The survey results revealed that the majority of respondents demonstrated good knowledge (73.5%) and attitude (62.9%) towards SWM, but their practice was only fair (44.8%). The Chi-square test showed statistically significant association between respondents' demographic features and their KAP (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the UoK generated a substantial amount of solid waste that requires further improved management. Suitable solid waste site selection and waste handling training for SWM workers were recommended.
ASSESSMENT ON COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND PRACTICES TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN JIMMA TOWN AND SURROUNDING RURAL KEBELES, OROMMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) HARUNE ABAFOGI
Most households in Africa including Ethiopia still use biomass fuel to cooking their food and for heating in poorly ventilated houses. Indoor air pollution (IAP) is the presence of one or more contaminants in the indoor environment that has a degree of human health risk. The main objective of this study was to investigate community perception and level of community awareness towards IAP in Jimma town and surrounding rural kebele. Cross-sectional research design was used to achieve the study. Structured questionnaires, FGD and household observation were used as the data collection tools. Representative samples 360 households were included by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed by SPSS both bivariate correlation and logistic regression was applied for the statistical test. The results majority of respondents (74.45%) the main source of energy for cooking was fire wood (88.6%) and charcoal (74.4), traditional type of stoves was made of cooking by majority (88.6%), in average (71.9%) respondents were aware of the source of IAP, most of (72.5%)household the two social groups were aware of the route of exposure and effects of IAP, largely (84.4%) respondents knew that exposure to IAP can affect human health and cause diseases, and lastly average (57.9%) of respondents knew that to reduce and prevent IAP. Majority (98.6%) of the respondents thinks that using cooking fuel that emits less smoke could prevent IAP. Other preventive mechanisms reported include: prohibiting cigarette smoking in living houses (98.0%), cooking always outside living houses (94.6%), avoiding living with domestic animals (95.2%) and keeping windows/doors open most of the time (91.2%). The households in this study had (71.9%) good awareness about the source of IAP, adverse health effects of IAP exposure and preventing measures of these adverse health effects, however, (84.4%) majority of them were still living with the risk factors associated with IAP in their daily living. There is need to provide education/awareness creation regarding air quality and its effects on health would be important and this can be implemented through community-based organizations that have wide acceptance in the study communities.
Nanotechnology An Introduction to Nanostructuring Techniques
(Wiley-VCH, 2007) Michael Ko¨hler; Wolfgang Fritzsche
Nanotechnology an intoduction to Nanostructuring Techniques
(Wiley-VCH, 2004) Michael Kohfer; Wolkang Fritzsche