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WOMEN PARTICIPATION AND DECISION MAKING IN LEADERSHIP: IN SELECTED PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HADIYA ZONE
(HAWASSA UNIVERSTY, 2019-04) GENET MULUGETA SHIFERAW
This study was conducted in Hadiya zone with the main objective of assessing women’s participation and decision making in leadership in selected public institutions of Hadiya Zone. Furthermore, the study assess the status of women participation and decision making in leadership, identify challenges and opportunities of women participation in decision making and leadership and explored women empowerment strategies and mechanisms in public institutions to enhance their participation in decision making and leadership. The study employed a descriptive survey method combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected by identifying 182 sample respondents through multistage stratified sampling procedures. In qualitative analysis key informants as well as focus group discussants were purposively selected. The result of the study revealed that women are underrepresented in leadership positions in which they accounted only one third of leadership positions. Major factors that hamper women participation in leadership and decision making were personal, social and institutional factors namely lack of recommendation, lack of delegation, socio- cultural factors, lack of confidence and male dominancy. Despite these factors that affect women participation in leadership and decision making there were opportunities that enhanced participation and decision making of women in leadership include modernization, increasing of women involvement in education, increasing the role media and communication and training and capacity building. Furthermore, working on recruitment strategy, labor division for the workers, representing women in committee activities, training and capacity building, senior level leaders empower other women, invest time and energy in helping women's weakness and fulfill the need and concern of women were strategies and mechanisms to ensure women participation and decision making in leadership. Finally, arranging and developing training to upgrade women leaders’ capabilities, recognition and acknowledgement to women leaders at all levels, arranging nationwide awareness raising programs and women sensitization programs were imperative to empower women participation and decision making in leadership in public institutions in Hadiya zone.
GROWTH AND BULB YIELD RESPONSE OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) VARIETIES TO VARYING LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND VERMICOMPOST IN BIISHAAN GURACHAA, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) BADEGE AYELE
Onion is a vital horticultural crop in Ethiopia, supporting both rural livelihoods and urban food systems. However, its productivity remains low due to poor nutrient management, declining soil fertility, and continued reliance on unimproved varieties. Excessive nitrogen use often results in delayed maturity and reduced bulb quality, while organic inputs like vermicompost remain underutilized. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of nitrogen and vermicompost on the growth, yield, quality, and economic performance of improved onion varieties under highland conditions. A field experiment was carried out during the off-season at Shallo Farm, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 4 × 3 factorial combinations comprising three onion varieties (Rio Bravo f1, Nafis, and SV Runagrana f1), four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha⁻¹), and three vermicompost levels (0, 5, and 7 t ha⁻¹), giving 36 treatment combinations. Data were collected on phenology, growth, yield, and bulb quality parameters, and subjected to both agronomic and economic analyses. The three-way interaction among variety, nitrogen, and vermicompost significantly (P < 0.01) influenced most growth, yield, and quality traits. SV Runagrana f1 exhibited the best performance, producing the highest total bulb yield (57.48 t ha⁻¹) and marketable yield (51.13 t ha⁻¹) at 225 kg N ha⁻¹ combined with 7 t ha⁻¹ vermicompost. Excessive fertilization (>225 kg N + 7 t VC ha⁻¹) increased unmarketable yield, delayed maturity, and lowered bulb quality. Economic analysis further revealed that SV Runagrana f1 at 225 kg N + 7 t VC ha⁻¹ provided the highest net field benefit (4,471,000 Birr ha⁻¹), benefit–cost ratio (35.1%), and marginal rate of return (15,000 %), indicating strong profitability despite higher input costs. In contrast, moderate fertilization (75 kg N + 5 t VC ha⁻¹) offered a favorable trade-off between yield stability, quality, and input efficiency, making it a more sustainable option for smallholder farmers. Therefore, the study demonstrated that onion yield, quality, and economic returns are highly dependent on the interaction between genotype and nutrient management.Further studies should investigate long-term soil fertility effects and validate the economic sustainability of these practices across diverse agro- ecological zones.
INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION UNDER ETHIOPIAN BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES
(2018-06) GIDEY BELAY ASSEFA
Investor-state arbitration is quasi-judicial means of settling investment disputes which was considered as neutral, flexible, cost effective and specialized form of dispute settlement. Currently, however, the overall system of investor-state arbitration is criticized for it gives protection to investors while undermining host state’s interests. Almost all Ethiopian BITs contain investor- state arbitration. It is not known, however, if investor-state arbitration under these BITs balances the interests of investors and host states. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine whether investor-state arbitration provisions of Ethiopian BITs balance the interests of the country and investors. In doing so, text analysis of 28 Ethiopian BITs is made. A semi-structured interview with purposively selected individuals, who are academicians, practitioners and government officials, is also employed. Literatures and reports are also used. Consequently, it has been found that most investor-state arbitration provisions are framed broadly and leave many procedural issues to external rules of arbitration thereby give unfettered discretion to tribunals. They are inconsistent and open to abuse of MFN. Host states are not guaranteed to submit claims or counter claims and the types of relief that the tribunal may render is not addressed within the BITs. These findings take us to the conclusion that investor-state arbitration under Ethiopian BITs guarantee the rights of investor, and not the host state. These provisions can have a devastating effect on the host country once a case arises. An analysis on the compatibility of the recent global developments of rectifying the problems have been conducted that revealed that abandoning investor-state arbitration is not a good choice for Ethiopia. The study finally recommended that investor-state arbitration must continue to exist in the Ethiopian BITs but with major reform.
CERTIFICATION OVER CERTIFICATION AS URBAN LAND TENURE CHALLENGE: THE CASE OF HADIYYA ZONE
(2018-05) GETISO DETAMO MEKEBO
Given the lack of a formal urban registration system in Ethiopia, registration and certification in urban centers are normally linked to the provision of land for new holdings or transfer of use rights for existing landholdings. It also relates to regularization process of informal settlements and current pilot works on urban land re-registration towards securing urban land rights. The purpose of registration and certification in urban land administration is aimed at securing urban lands for the landholders because secured tenure is a precondition to reap all the benefits accrued from urban land rights. In relation to registration of urban lands, this research considers COC as one of the major challenge of good urban land governance. COC is a scenario in which the same urban plots are entitled and certified for more than one person. In answering the research questions, the thesis involved a combination of doctrinal legal research and largely supported by qualitative data. To this end, the findings of this study uncovered hosts of problems such as; legal double or multiple allocations through earlier permit systems, issuance of forged receipts or titles and concluding illegal oral contracts. Further, regularization process of illegal settlements and existence of informal legal settlements without due documentation and serious corruption in urban land sector are also among the hosts. As a result, urban landholdings are insecure which has compromised all synergy of lease/use rights of the holders. Thus, some are beneficiaries and some others like vulnerable persons are victims. In a nutshell, this study identified that the urban land- to-landholders relationship is in a vicious circle and hence, COC is one of the manifestations of weak urban land administration.It recommends the enhancement of good governance in urban land administration and unreserved political commitment thereof towards ensuring secure urban land lease/use rights.
EXAMINING THE LAWS REGULATING OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND FORECLOSURE IN MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ABRIHAM PETROS BASSA
Many people in Ethiopia have been given access to formal financial services through microfinance programs. However, currently millions of potential clients in the region remain unserved and the demand for financial services far exceeds the currently available supply. Microfinance institutions mainly relied on government, NGOs and associations for their finances. Hence the sectors are characterized by capital constraint. Because of this their service is limited to specific locations of the region. There is weak private investors’ participation in the sectors due to absence of dividend of profit and free transfer of shares. More over the sector is characterized by its weak repayment rate of loan because of absence of specific /separate/ foreclosure law which is suitable for their specific future. So the paper found that to establish sustainable and well outreached MFIs, there should be wide shareholders bases or solid ownership base and specific and adequate foreclosure laws that have its own procedural remedies. Hence absence of separate foreclosure law and weak ownership base are identified as the major obstacles for the sustainability of the MFIs. Microfinance institutions should give more emphasis to financial sustainability and making the environment suitable for private investors in order to reduce their subsidy dependence, ensure survival to achieve their social objective and growth in the future. The methodology employed for this study was qualitative and the data were collected from both primary and secondary sources by selecting the institutions purposively. Accordingly, the study recommends the concerning organ to refine the provision that regulate ownership structure and to enact comprehensive specific foreclosure law that have its own procedural remedies for execution.