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PREVALENCE, INTENSITY, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN ALONG AN IRRIGATION LINE IN JIMA ARJO DISTRICT, EAST WOLLEGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA.
(hawassa universty, 2023-10) KUMSA ASEFA
Background: In Ethiopia, Schistosoma mansoni infection is a major public health concern. Schoolchildren typically have the largest parasite burden, and the condition has been associated with anemia, stunting, and cognitive impairments, resulting in poor school performance and greater dropout rates, However, there was insufficient information on the present status of these infections to suggest an intervention in the study area. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, intensity of infection, and factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren along an irrigation line in Jima Arjo district, East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out between February and May 2023. Stool samples are collected from 523 schoolchildren, who are selected by systematic sampling techniques, and they were be examined for the ova of S. mansoni using the three-slide Kato–Katz technique and formal ether concentration techniques. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and possible predisposing factors. Data was entered into Epi-info version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 24 software. Variables with p <0.25 in the bivariate analysis (COR) were entered into multivariable analysis (AOR). A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Result: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the selected primary school was 140 (27.4%). In addition to Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoid 158 (30.9%), Hook worm 41 (8%), Trichuris trichiura 24 (4.3%), Hymenolepis nana 20 (3.9%), Giardia lamblia 18 (3.5%), Enterobius vermicularis 9 (1.8%), and Tenia species 7 (1.4%), were other parasites detected in the investigation. The infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni was 99 (75%) light, 27 (20%) moderate, and 7 (5%) heavy. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infections was significantly higher among schoolchildren who were involved in irrigation-related activities (AOR, 4.49; 95% CI 2.43–8.31; p = 0.001), who had swimming habits (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.15-0.61; p = 0.01), bath habits in canal water (AOR, 5.19; 95% CI 1.78–15.09; p = 0.002), bathing in spring water (AOR, 3.37; 95% CI 1.11–10.24; p = 0.032), and crossing water bodies barefoot (AOR, 0.30; 95% CI 0.17–0.54; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was moderate and the infection intensity was light. Therefore, it is crucial to use biannual (twice a year) mass treatment and integrated approaches such as behavioural change, snail control, and environmental intervention to reduce these infections to an insignificant level.
PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON OPPORTUNISTIC INTESTINAL COCCIDIA AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS AMONG HIV PATIENTS ATTENDING ART CLINIC AT WORABE COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, WORABE CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(hawassa universty, 2023-10) JEMAL HUSEN
Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes CD4+ T cell depletion and immune system thinning in humans, which increases the vulnerability of HIV patients to opportunistic and other intestinal parasites known to cause diarrhea that can be severe and persistent, leading to dehydration, abnormal electrolyte levels , weight loss, and malabsorption. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine prevalence of intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasites and risk factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients monitoring their disease status at ART clinics. Materials and Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients attending Anti-Retroviral Therapy clinic at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from May 2022 to September 2023. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Stool specimens were processed for parasitological examination. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered into Epi-info and analyzed by SPSS version 26 software. A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.5%. Eleven different intestinal parasite species were detected. Prevalence of intestinal coccidian in present study was 8.25%. Cryptosporidium spp. 7.7% and Isospora belli 0.5% were identified intestinal coccidian. In multivariate analysis ,educational status; No formal education , animal contact , ART starting time ; <2 years duration on Anti-Retroviral Therapy ,history of diarrhea and CD4 level; 201-499 cell/mm3 were significantly associated variables with prevalence of intestinal parasite among study subject. Conclusions and Recommendations: Intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV patients in the study area. Thus, the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients by using specific as well high sensitivity test. Moreover, adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy should strengthen to improve the immune status
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ANCHOTE (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn) USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) ZERIHUN TESHOME MELAKU
Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn) is an endemic crop species of Ethiopian origin mainly cultivated for its nutritious tuberous roots and tender leaves. Limited molecular marker resources hinder breeding and genetic studies for improvement, conservation and management of anchote genetic resources. The use of cross-species/genera transferable SSR markers is considered cost-effective strategy to ensure availability of markers in genetically understudied crops such as anchote. In this study we aimed to assess cross-transferability of cucurbit SSR markers to C. abyssinica and measure the genetic diversity of anchote and of its populations; across the cultivation range in Ethiopia. A total of 102 SSR primer pairs from cucurbit species were screened for transferability to anchote and polymorphic SSRs were identified. A total of 45 germplasm accessions collected from Western parts of Ethiopia were studied along with three cultivars of related species in Cucurbitaceae family using the polymorphic microsatellite markers. Out of 102 screened SSR primer pairs 46 (45.1%) were found transferable as they amplified scrabble band on anchote; of which only 24 primers pairs (23.5%) amplified polymorphic loci. Most of (53.6 %) of the SSR markers were transferred to anchote from Cucumis sativus L. All the analyzed 24 loci were highly polymorphic and detected a total of 354 alleles among all population, with an average of 15 alleles per locus. In the total germplasm collection the average genetic diversity, as quantified by the expected heterozygosity, was 0.88±0.06 per locus. Nei’s gene diversity index revealed that the genetic diversity of East Wellega anchote maintained in situ in the farmers’ field and ex situ in the DZARC gene bank was comparable, and retained the highest (I = 1.93) of all populations. Using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), four clusters including outlier groups were detected. The DAPC analysis indicated that the most closely related populations were geographically occurred in closer proximity to each other. AMOVA attributed 95% of genetic variation to within population and only 5% to between populations. The results provide important genetic information in C. abyssinica to drive improvement, management and conservation decisions efforts. Analysis of genome wide functional factors and evaluation of agromorphological traits in additional germplasm set including wild anchote and other Coccina genetic resources would add necessary genetic information for improvement of the crop
YIELD AND GROWTH ANALYSIS OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosumL.) VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT INTER ROW SPACING AT SILTE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) NUREDIN RASHID BUSHIRA
Potato (Solanum tuberosuml. ) is a very important food and cash crop in Ethiopia. This experiment was conducted with the objective to increase production of potato through selecting appropriate varieties and determining appropriate spacing at Silte zone, central Ethiopia during belg cropping season.The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination of three inter-row spacing (60 cm , 75cm and 90 cm), and four potato varieties(Belete, Gudene, Chala and Local cultivar) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Interactive effects of variety and inter-row spacing significantly (P˂0.05) influenced most of the parameters considered. Days to flowering, leaf area index, total tuber number, marketable tuber number, total tuber yield, average tuber weight per plant, unmarketable tuber number and tuber yield and harvest index were significantly affected by the interaction effects of variety and spacing. Plant height, dry matter content, 90% plant maturity, crop growth rate and relative growth rate (P˂0.05) influenced by the main effect variety and spacing. Days to 50% emergency, Leave number per plant and Stem number per hill were influenced only by the main effect variety. Local cultivar requiring the longest duration (101.22 days). Plant height increased significantly in to increasing inter-row spacing.Gudene varieties produced largest stems number per plant and local cultivar produced smallest stems number per plant. The highest (38.57 t/ha) total tuber yield was recorded from Gudene variety at spacing of 60 c m , whereas the lowest (22.28 t/ha) tuber yield was recorded from local cultivar at spacing 90 cm. The highest marketable (30.48a t/ha) tuber yield was obtained from Gudene variety and lowest was obtained from Local cultivar (18.41t/ha). The Crop Growth Rate values increased progressively with time reaching peak at 45-60 DAP. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded Gudane and Belete varieties at inter-row spacing of 60 cm and 75 cm resulted in highest marketable tuber yield could be recommended to potato growers in the study area.
AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF ETHIOPIAN MUSTARD (Brassica carinata) LANDRACES IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) IBRAHIM HASSEN GUYO
Genetic diversity analysis of Ethiopian mustard landraces is an important step in selection and hybridization of plant with required traits to develop well adapted and farmers preferred high yielding varieties. The Field experiment was conducted at Hula district in Sidama region to study the genetic diversity of forty nine brassica carinata landraces collected from different agro-ecologies of southern Ethiopia. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design with the objective of assessing and estimating the genetic diversity of local landraces based on phenological and agro-morphological traits; estimating association and heritability of the study traits and to identify the best performances of landraces further breeding work for their leaf yield. The analysis of variance shows the significant differences among landraces for all leaf parameter as well as all phenological traits. The high degree of variability among the Ethiopian mustard landraces were observed for studied traits. The estimation of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations was studied, the highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation suggested that the Brassica carinata landraces are highly diverse and provides a wide range of possibilities for selecting further breeding. The result heritability of broad sense (H2b) values in all traits was very high ranging from 90.99 to 99.975%; this implies that the genetic component of variation is substantial for all traits. To evaluate the pattern of variation, the principal component analysis was conducted for all quantitative traits. The first three principal components accounted for most of the variation observed and cumulatively explained 82.99% of the total variation among the all quantitative traits. Clustering produced a clear grouping of the forty nine landraces into four major groups of clusters Where, by the individuals within any one cluster are more closely related than individuals in different clusters. The landraces that early flowered are grouped in the same group, and the same is true for the late flowering landraces as well as the landraces with highest leaf yield was clustered in the same group. Overall, the study shows the wide variation and presences of high genetic variability among Brassica carinata landraces.