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ON FARM PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS GOAT TYPES REARED IN BENA-TSEMAY AND DEBUB ARI DISTRICTS OF SOUTHERN REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) ZERIHUN FISEHA BOGALE
The study was conducted to physically characterize indigenous goats’ population in Debub Ari and Bena-Tsemay districts (Debub Omo zone). A total of 180 households were identified by using multi-stage (purposive and systematic) sampling techniques for characterization of the survey study. 630 mature goats were sampled randomly for the phenotypic characterization. The average (±SD) goat flock size per house hold was 14.97±7.4 for Bena Tsemay district which was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the 9.07±6.3 heads/household for Debub Ari district. Saving was primary purpose of male goats rearing both in Debub Ari and Bena-Tsemay districts. Similarly respondents in Debub Ari keep female goats primarily for asset (saving) with the index value of 0.53 whereas respondents in Bena-Tsemay district keep female goats for income source with the index value of 0.53. The major criteria considered for selecting breeding bucks and does in both districts were physical appearance and body conformation. Natural pasture was the main feed source and rivers, pond and rain water were main water source for goats. The age at puberty of male goats was 10.19±1.17, and 11.71±0.81 months while for females it was 9.92±0.93 and 11.45±1.04 months in Debub Ari and Bena-Tsemay, respectively. The average kidding interval for Debub Ari and Bena Tsemay goat was 8.57±0.62 and 8.09±0.65 months, respectively. Disease and feed shortage were the major production constraints in studied districts. 52.38% of goats in Debub Ari and 60% of goats in Bena-Tsemay had patchy coat color pattern. Among the sampled goat population, brown coat color was dominant one on both sexes. Majority of female and male goats were horned and had horizontally carried ear orientation both in Debub Ari and bena Tsemay districts. Fully matured (4ppi) female goats (30.46± 0.58, 25.15±0.16) and male goats (34.43±0.35, 33.33±0.81) had average body weight (kg) in Debub Ari and Bena-Tsemay district respectively. Positive correlation (P<0.01) were observed among most of the different body measurements for female and male goats population. Paunch girth (52.3%) and chest girth (77.3%) had high coefficient of determination (R2) for female and male respectively to estimate live body weight from others linear body measurements. The result revealed that the goats’ populations were related with woyito-guji goats’ type and more suitable for meat than milk production but it needs genotypic characterization to classify the goats’ breed clearly.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED ABERGELLE GOAT BREEDING PROGRAM IN WAGHIMRA ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) MULATU GOBEZE ALAMIREW
Community-based breeding programs (CBBPs) are currently proved as one of the approaches used for small ruminants’ genetic improvement in developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to evaluate the overall performance of the ongoing Abergelle goat community-based breeding program using technical and socio-economic criteria. On-farm biological performance data was collected from 2013-2019. Survey data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Growth, reproduction and milk production performance data was analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, version 9.0) software. The genetic parameters for the breeding objective traits were estimated by the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML) of WOMBAT software fitting different single-trait animal models. Six single-trait animal models for growth performance and two each for reproductive and milk production traits were fitted for genetic parameters estimation. Best model was selected using log likelihood ratio test. The genetic trend was estimated by the weighted regression of the average breeding value of the animals on the year of birth for each targeted trait. Random assignment of a single buck for the paternal pedigree line was used in the genetic evaluation process as the pedigree data structure in this study was obtained from multiple sires joining. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated fitting multivariate animal models. Socio economic data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in addition to direct narrations from formal and informal discussions. The overall least squares mean body weight at birth (BWt), three-month (TMWt), six-month (SMWt), nine-month (NMWt) and at yearling age (YWt) were 2.18±0.01, 7.27±0.03, 9.22±0.04, 12.16±0.04, and 15.56±0.10 kg, respectively. Location, sex of kid, birth type, season of birth, year of birth and parity of the dam were the important sources of variation for most of the growth performance traits (P<0.05). The average daily weight gain from birth to weaning (ADG1), weaning to six- month (ADG2), six to nine month (ADG3) and nine month to yearling age (ADG4) were 55.93±0.30, 21.59±0.29, 32.67±0.43, and 39.48±0.90 g/day, respectively. The overall least-squares mean of reproductive traits for litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), litter weight at birth (LWB), litter weight at weaning (LWW), and kidding interval (KI) were 1.04±0.00 kids, 0.99±0.01 kid, 3.18±0.01kg, 11.24±0.04kg, and 356.05±1.68 days, respectively. In addition, the overall least-squares means of milk production traits found in this study for average daily milk yield (ADMY), lactation length (LL), and ninety day milk yield (MY90D) were 410 ±2.11 ml, 72.44±28 days, and 36.92±0.19 liter, respectively. Site, season of kidding, year of kidding and parity of the dam were the most important traits affecting most of the reproductive and milk production performance traits. The total heritability (h2 t) estimates for weight at different ages were in the range of 0.28 to 0.40 at Bilaque site while 0.15 to 0.38 at Saziba site from selected models, respectively. Heritability estimates were in the rage of, 0.03±0.19 to 0.13±0.08 for reproductive traits and total heritability estimates for milk production traits were in the range of 0.05 to 0.20. The genetic correlations for growth traits ranged from 0.04 (BWt-NMWt) to 0.85 (TMWt-SMWt) but it was higher than the phenotypic correlation values. Genetic trend values were positive (P<0.05) for growth traits except BWt, no change (P>0.05) for reproductive traits and moderately higher (P<0.05) for milk production traits. The mean flock size of cooperative members was increased by more than 37% while reduced by 20% for non-members during the program implementation period. Even though the cooperatives build relatively strong institutional and financial capacity in the short run, they still require sustainable technical and financial support to run the breeding program. In the future, optimizing genetic evaluation methods like considering uncertain sire, economic selection index and improving mating ratio are suggested for maximizing overall benefit of the breeding program. Improving feeding and overall management assisted with strong reproductive biotechnology tools like estrus synchronization and artificial insemination are suggested for improving reproduction traits.
THE PREVALANCE AND ASSOCIATED CAUSAL FACTORS OF DEPRESSION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS THE CASE OF HAWASSA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-03) MESERET LULSEGED
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person’s thoughts, behaviors, feelings and sense of well-being over two weeks .The Aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences students. Cross-sectional study design was used. The sample size was 342 calculated using single population proportion formulla. Samples were selected by using stratified sampling techniques, to determine the number of students from the single department of each batch proportional allocation to the total students was used. Finally, simple random sampling technique was used to select the determined number of students from each batch. Socio economic data were collected by questionnaire. Beck’s depression inventory tools was used to determine the depression level of the students. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed by SPSS 25. Mean and frequency was used to describe the prevalence and other descriptive variables. While bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. A significance level was set at p<0.01. The result revealed the prevalence of depression among students was 28%. Presence of medical history, drug use, drink alcohol, self-esteem, self-confidence, and social support were predictors to students’ depression. Hence the college higher officials should design and implement strategies to enhance counseling services and promote prevention strategies for depression by reducing substance use strengthening social support and boosting the self-esteem and confidence strategies.
DETERMINATION OF SELECTED ESSENTIAL AND NON- ESSENTIAL METALS IN TEFF GRAIN SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM YILMANA DENSA WOREDA, WEST GOJAM ZONE, ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) ZELALEM TALACHEW
Teff [Eragrostis teff (Zuccagni) Trotter] is one of the major and indigenous cereal crops in Ethiopia. Teff is a staple food in Ethiopia, consisting of two-thirds of their cereal diet and is mainly used to make human food. Although Teff is farmed for its grain, the straw is also used to build homes in both rural and urban areas, to reinforce mud or plaster, and as feed for cattl. The levels of selected essential and non-essential metals in the white, red, and mixed teff grains collected from Yilmana Densa Woreda, West Gojam Zone (Ethiopia) were determined by AAS equipped with deuterium background corrector and air-acetylene flame atomizer. After a suitable sample pretreatment, the powdered teff was wet digested with the acid mixture (8 mL HNO3:2 mL H2O2) at 180 oC for 3:00 h over wet digestion block. The accuracy of the optimized procedure was evaluated by analyzing the digest of the spiked samples with a standard solution of metals, and the percentage recoveries varied from 99 % to 113%. The mean concentrations of metals determined (mg/kg, dry weight) were in the ranges of Fe (632-761) > Mn (191-516) > Zn (87-168) > Cu (75-112) > Ni (4.15-10.81) > Co (5.36-7.15) > Cr (3.93-5.15) > Pb (1.14-2.26). A statistical analysis of variance indicated that there is significant difference between the mean concentrations of all metals (Co, Cr, Pb Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) with (P < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval) between the different types of teff samples. . The concentrations of the metals showed that the red teff samples collected from fetlo kuskaum have higher amounts of Fe and Cu, compared to that of the white and mixed teff samples. The mixed teff samples collected from Kililt has higher amounts of Fe, Mn and Zn, compared to that of the red and white teff samples.The amount of essential metals is high in red teff samples at Fetillo Kuskuam and in mixed teff at Kililt. The presence of significant differences may be due to the presence of different geographical distribution, rainfall, soil composition, harvesting, and storing methods.
COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CATTLE IN LARGE, MEDIUM AND SMALL SCALE FARMS: THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA MILK SHED IN NORTH SHEWA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) ZEWDE TOLCHA DADI
The purpose of the study was to assess productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in large, medium and small scale farms in Debra Libanos, Wuchale and Degem districts in North Shoa Zone Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 180 dairy farms dairy holding households were randomly selected from each of large, medium and small scale farms of the study areas. From each districts three sample sites or kebeles were purposively taken based on dairy potential and availability of different dairy farm scale. The survey study was conducted on randomly selected of 42 dairy farmers that have large farms (> 30 cows), 63 dairy farmers who have medium scale dairy farms (> 5 ≤ 30 cows) and 75 dairy farmers who have small scale farms (≤ 5 cows). The survey results showed that, the average daily milk yield for local and their crossbreed of different exotic blood level of 50% ,75% and >75% was 3.05±0.55, 15.56±1.17, 20.56±2.23 and 25.64±1.78 liters per days respectively. The average lactation length (months) for local and cross breeds cows with 50%, 75% and >75% blood levels were 6.57±1.80, 8.17±0.63, 8.98±0.78 and 9.49±0.83 months. The Age at first services (AFS) for local and cross breed with 50%, 75% and >75% blood level was 46.53±0.95, 20.18±0.93, 19.10±0.30 and 18.12±0.32 months. The Age at first calving (AFC) for local and exotic crossbred cows with 50%, 75% and >75% blood levels were 54.55±0.62, 28.61±0.53, 27.79±0.36 and 27.26±0.29 months respectively. The Days Open (Days) for local and crossbred cows with 50%, 75% and >75 % blood levels were 122.86±8.01, 83.13±5.63, 67.43±2.95 and 60.63±2.99 days respectively. The Calving interval (months) for local and crossbred cows with 50%, 75% and >75% blood levels were 36.31±0.63, 17.04±1.06, 12.20±0.59 and 11.35±0.51 months respectively. The Number of service preconceptions (NSC) for local and crossbreds cows with 50%, 75% and >75% blood levels were 1.46±0.49, 2.52±0.29, 2.06±0.18, 1.67±1.78 respectively. Generally, the productive and reproductive performance of all types of crossbred and local dairy cows indicated good at farm level, districts and blood levels. Therefore, the dairy sector of the study area should plan technical and institutional improvement strategies to improve management practice of dairy farms (feeding practices, health care and housing), and regularly supplying dairy inputs to improve dairy productivity and sustain the dairy industry.