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EVALUATION OF ANCHOTE (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cong) ACCESSIONS FOR THEIR GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCES UNDER DIFFERENT ALTITUDES IN SIDAMA REGION
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) NEJAT ALI
Among the most important root and tuber crops, anchote is one of the potential crops produced in the western and south-western parts of Ethiopia. It serves as a food, cultural, social, and economic crop for the producers. Due to limited research coverage and less attention to determining the growth and yield performance of anchote accessions, the production of anchote has not spread to other parts of Ethiopia. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield responses of anchote accession grown at different altitudes in the Sidama region of Ethiopia from June to November 2021. Nine anchote accessions (Gimbi, Jimate, Degaga Didhessa, Jimma Arjo, Ale, Sheka, Sibu Sire1, Sibu Sire2, and Sibu Sire3) were sow in three locations representing different altitudes (1305 masl, 1835 masl, and 2504 masl). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Growth and yield data were collected following standard procedures. The results revealed that phenological parameters and growth performances (leaf area, leaf number, vine length, above-ground fresh and dry biomass) were significantly influenced by the main factors of accession, location, and their interactions. Days to 50% of flowering were affected by the main factors (accession and location), and vine number was affected only by location. The highest (92%) and lowest (58.7%) emergence percentages were obtained from Sheka accession at mid-altitude and Sibu Sire1 at Bilate, respectively. The largest (597.3 g) and the minimum (6.2 g) above-ground fresh biomass per plant were produced by accession Sibu Sire1 under Leku and accession Gimbi under Hula, respectively. The maximum (62.1 g) and minimum (33.6 g) above-ground dry biomass were produced by accession Ale under Leku and accession Jimate under Bilate. In the case of yield, yield-related parameters (root weight and diameter, total biomass weight, root yield, and underground dry root weight) of anchote accessions were significantly affected by accessions, location, and their interaction. Root number per plant was affected by accessions and location. Root diameter was affected only by accession. The highest storage root weight (522.3g) and total biomass (847 g) per plant were obtained from Degaga Didhessa anchote accession under Hula location. Whereas, the lowest storage root weight (94.6 gm) and total biomass (153 gm) were also recorded from Sibu Sire3 under Hula conditions. The highest yield (59.6 t/h)) was obtained from the anchote accession of Degaga Didhessa at the Leku location. The significantly lowest yield (12.3 t/h)) was recorded from Gimbi Anchote accessions under Bilate. Anchote accessions evaluated in this study showed a differential response to different locations that represented different altitudes. We recommended accessions of Degaga Didhessa, Sheka, and Sibu Sire1 that produced better storage root yield, high underground dry biomass content, root weight, and dry matter content across three locations that indicated good performance and adaptation. Those accessions that we recommend are suggested to be produced by farmers in the areas of Bilate, Leku, and Hula and related conditions in the Sidama region.
EFFECT OF INTER ROW SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELD AND TUBER QUALITY OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) VARIETIES IN HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) MULUGETA SODANO LANTERO
Potato is the very important food and cash crop in Ethiopia, especially in the high and mid altitude areas. It is important to select better yielding potato varieties with appropriate plant density per unit of area to get for better yield and tuber quality in given location. This experiment was conducted to determine proper inter row spacing for potato varieties and to select better performing potato variety at Hadiya zone Misrak Badewaccho district, during the year 2022 G.C main cropping season. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination of three inter row spacing (70 x 30 cm, 60 x 30 cm and 50 x 30 cm) and five potato varieties (Gudane, Zemen, Belete Jalene and local) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The result revealed that days to 50% emergence and stem number per hill were significantly affected by variety, days to 90% maturity, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf area index, harvest index, total biomass, total tuber yield, tuber number per hill and tuber size distribution were significantly affected by main factors (variety and inter row spacing) but not by interaction. Days to 50% flowering, leaf area, marketable tuber yield, unmarketable tuber yield, marketable tuber number, unmarketable tuber number, dry matter, total starch content and specific gravity were significantly influenced by main factors (variety and inter row spacing and interaction). The highest, stem number per hill, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, harvest index, total dry biomass, total tuber yield, tuber number per hill, marketable tuber yield, marketable tuber number dry matter and specific gravity was scored from Gudene variety whereas, lowest data was recorded from local variety. The highest stem number per hill, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf area, total dry biomass, tuber number per hill, specific gravity and total starch content recorded at inter row spacing (70 x 30) cm. The highest interactive effect was scored from marketable tuber yield from Gudene (36.00t/ha -1 ) and Belete (34.67t/ha -1 ) variety and at inter row spacing (60 x 30 cm) whereas, lowest interactive effect was recorded from local (12.83t/ha -1 ) variety and at inter row spacing (50 x 30 cm). Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that Gudene and Belete varieties at inter row spacing (60 x 30cm and 70 x 30cm) resulted in highest marketable potato yield. The results obtained in this study are based conducted at single season and single location it should be repeated to validate this result before recommending to the area.
GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA INOCULATED AVOCADO (Persea americana M.) RACESUNDER MOISTURE STRESS CONDITIONS
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) HIWOT KELBO
Avocado is one of the most economically important and widely grown fruit crops in tropical and subtropical regions. It is mainly grown in the southern, South Western, and Eastern parts of Ethiopia, with high economic returns. Despite its importance, production is hampered by abiotic factors like moisture limitation in the nursery and later in the orchard. This requires alternative and effective strategies and tools to overcome the challenge, such as inoculating with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi as a soil amendment. This study was designed to investigate the effect of AMF inoculation on the morpho physiological and biochemical responses of two avocado (Persea americana M.) races under different moisture levels. A factorial combination of two inoculation levels (inoculated and non-inoculated), two avocado races (Mexicana and Guatemalan), and four water withholding intervals (daily watering, 7-days, 14-days, and 21-days watering intervals) were arranged in a CRD design with three replications. Results of the study revealed that growth parameters of avocado seedlings such as internode length and seedling height were influenced by the main effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae and moisture while, leaf number, leaf area were influenced by main and two way interaction effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and moisture while xylem number and xylem width affected by interaction effect of race and moisture. However, root length, root number, and average root diameter were influenced by the main, two-way, and three-way interaction effects of race, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and moisture levels. The highest mean values of leaf area, root number, root length, xylem number, xylem width, and biomass fresh and dry weight were observed from Mexicana treated with arbuscular mycorrhizae under daily and moisture stress treatments. Whereas the minimum value was recorded from Guatemalan race grown under non-inoculated and 21 days water withholding treatment. Moreover, photosynthesis rate, transpiration, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, proline content, biomass fresh and dry weight were significantly influenced by the main, two ways and three-way interaction effect of avocado races, arbuscular mycorrhizae and moisture levels. All growth, physiological and biomass parameters were significantly decreased under drought stressed conditions. However, compared to non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizae considerably increased all those growth, physiological, biochemical, and biomass parameters even under drought stress. Among the tested races, "Mexicana" showed significantly well performance under drought stress conditions than Guatemalan cultivar. In conclusion, the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizae considerably improved drought stress tolerance in both races compared to non-inoculated treatments. However, further research is needed under field condition before generalized conclusions can be drawn
MORPHO-PYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSE OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) VARITIES TO BELNDED FERTILIZER UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE LEVELS
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) ALEM SISAY SAHILE
Common bean is the most important food legume crop for direct consumption in the world and is the most popular legume of the Americas and Eastern and Southern Africa. In Ethiopia, common bean is grown predominantly under smallholder producers as an important food crop and source of cash. There are biotic and abiotic stresses which causes a decrease losses in crop yield, being the water deficit, and soil fertility are the most limiting factor in the world agricultural production. Therefore, the aim of this study was designed to investigate the effect of blended fertilizer on morpho-physiology, accumulation of reserve compounds and yield of common bean varieties under different soil moisture levels from Feb to May 2021. A factorial combination of 3 different blended fertilizer (0, NPSBZn and NPSBZn+K), 3 common bean varieties (Hirna, Awash Melka, and Haromaya) and 2 moisture levels (30% SWC and 75% SWC) were arranged in CRD design with three replications. Results of the study showed that, morphological parameters such as leaf number, branch number and plant height were influenced by main and two-way interaction effect of varieties and moisture as well as fertilizer and varieties. But leaf area was influenced by three way interactions of variety, moisture and fertilizer levels. in addition, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, proline content, carbohydrate content, and grain yield were significantly influenced by three way interaction effects of variety, fertilizer and moisture levels. They showed significant decrement under drought stressed conditions. The supplementation of K significantly increased physiological, and yield parameters under drought stress conditions compared to NPSZnB alone and zero fertilizer level. From the result of this study it is indicated morpho-physiology and yield response of common bean varieties varied under water deficit conditions. Hirna and Haromaya performed well under water deficit than Awash Melka variety. Better performances were observed in terms of photosynthesis, water use efficiency, relative water content, and stomata conductance, proline and carbohydrate accumulation in Hirna and Haromaya under drought stress condition. Generally, it was concluded that application of K as a supplement to NPSBZn significantly increased drought stress tolerance and increased yield in all varieties as compared to other treatments. However, further research is needed in an open field condition with different rates of blended fertilizer on mass number of varieties before a generalized conclusion has been drawn.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, EGG PRODUCTION AND LINEAR BODY MEASURMENT TRAITS OF LOCAL AND EXOTIC CHICKENS REARED UNDER TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN BORICHA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2017) SERKALEM ASSEFA
This study was conducted to assess the management practice, egg production potential, quality and linear body measurement traits of three exotic and local chickens reared under traditional production system in Boricha woreda of Sidama zone. For the survey part, a total of 200 households were randomly selected from 4 purposively selected Kebles which were subdivided in midland and lowland agroecologies. Linear body measurement and egg quality traits were assessed from a total of 192 local and 3 exotic chicken breeds (Bovans, Koekoeck and Sasso) drawn from 48 households. About 480 eggs were used for the evaluation of external and internal egg qualities. The results indicated that the average numbers of eggs set for incubation per hen were 11.1 eggs with a hatchability of 60.0%. Average age at first egg was 238, 155, 157 and 174 days for local, Sasso, Bovans and Koekoeck chicken breeds, respectively. The number of eggs per hen per year was 49.1, 134, 117and 138 for local, Sasso, Bovans and Koekoeck, respectively. The Sasso breed reared in the lowland produced the highest egg number followed by Bovans being (p<0.05) different from Koekeock and local chickens. Moreover, the Sasso chicken breeds reared in the lowland agroecology had higher (p<0.05) values in most linear body measurement traits than those of other chicken breeds. Similarly, egg weight and yolk index values of Sasso breeds reared in the lowland was higher (p<0.05) than those of other chicken breeds. Koekoeck and Sasso chicken breeds reared in midland had higher (p<0.05) shape index and shell thickness values than those reared in the lowland. All chicken breeds reared in the lowland agroecology were better (p<0.05) in all external egg quality parameters than those reared in the midland. Yolk colour was higher (p<0.05) only for chickens reared in the lowland agroecology. All internal egg quality traits of Koekoeck chickens reared in the midland were superior to those of lowland agroecology. In conclusion, the Sasso chicken breed was found to be more efficient in most performance traits if it is reared in the lowland agroecology. Koekoeck chicken breed reared in the midland agroecology was superior in most internal egg quality parameters. It is thus recommended to use Sasso chicken breeds in the lowland agroecology while Koekoeck chicken in the midland agroecology for better productivity.