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EXAMINING THE LAWS REGULATING OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND FORECLOSURE IN MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ABRIHAM PETROS BASSA
Many people in Ethiopia have been given access to formal financial services through microfinance programs. However, currently millions of potential clients in the region remain unserved and the demand for financial services far exceeds the currently available supply. Microfinance institutions mainly relied on government, NGOs and associations for their finances. Hence the sectors are characterized by capital constraint. Because of this their service is limited to specific locations of the region. There is weak private investors’ participation in the sectors due to absence of dividend of profit and free transfer of shares. More over the sector is characterized by its weak repayment rate of loan because of absence of specific /separate/ foreclosure law which is suitable for their specific future. So the paper found that to establish sustainable and well outreached MFIs, there should be wide shareholders bases or solid ownership base and specific and adequate foreclosure laws that have its own procedural remedies. Hence absence of separate foreclosure law and weak ownership base are identified as the major obstacles for the sustainability of the MFIs. Microfinance institutions should give more emphasis to financial sustainability and making the environment suitable for private investors in order to reduce their subsidy dependence, ensure survival to achieve their social objective and growth in the future. The methodology employed for this study was qualitative and the data were collected from both primary and secondary sources by selecting the institutions purposively. Accordingly, the study recommends the concerning organ to refine the provision that regulate ownership structure and to enact comprehensive specific foreclosure law that have its own procedural remedies for execution.
SOIL CHARACTERIZATION AND POTASSIUM NUTRITION FOR WHEAT (Triticum aestivumL.) PRODUCTION ALONG THE TOPOSEQUENCE OF QENBERENAWETI SUB-WATERSHED, CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2026) HAYMANOT AWGCHEW AJERSA
Topography critically affects soil characteristics through its influence on pedogenesis, nutrient distribution, and crop productivity. Ethiopian agricultural production is constrained by soil degradation (erosion and fertility depletion) as well as by poor fertilization practices (suboptimal and unbalanced) and management (non-integrated and non-sustainable). Despite the nationwide decline in soil potassium (K) reserves (32 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), its use remains neglected due to a historical assumption of soil sufficiency that led to K deficiency, reducing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield far below 5 tons ha⁻¹ in the highlands. This study addresses critical gaps in soil fertility management and K dynamics inEthiopia's highland agriculture, focusing on the Qenberenaweti sub-watershed in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region. The study area exemplifies these challenges: it lacks detailed soil characterization at local topographic scales, underutilizes cattle dung ash (a viable K-rich amendment), and relies on blanket K recommendations (50 kg K ha⁻¹) without considering soil and crop-specific factors. Cattle manure ash, though abundant as a byproduct of fuel use, is discarded by ignoring its potential to improve CEC, reclaim acidity, and supply nutrients (K, Ca, Mg). Therefore, this study was initiated with principal aims to characterize, classify, and map soils along the toposequence; to assess K forms (labile vs. non-labile), adsorption-desorption kinetics, and equilibrium dynamics; to determine optimum externaland internal K requirements of wheat across soil types; as well as to evaluate K-containing organic (cattle manure ash, CMA) and inorganic (muriate of potash, MOP) amendments on soil chemical properties and productivity of wheat. The soil sampling followed a topographic approach throughout 317 ha of the watershed (2,808–2,960 m.a.s.l). The research methodology included: the World Reference Base (WRB) system of soil characterization and classification, K fractionation into its diverse forms; mathematical models in the K adsorption-desorption experiment; pot trial to establish critical K concentration for optimum internal and external requirements of wheat; and incubation trials comparing CMA and MOP (0–100% substitution) on soil properties and wheat responses. The findings revealed that topographic positions and slope features have directly shaped the extent of soil variability along the toposequence by determining water movement (drainage and percolation). All the K forms showed significant correlations (p < 0.01) among themselves and with soil pH, clay content, and CEC, influencing their availability. The Freundlich isotherm model (qe = aCe b/a ) performed well for the K-adsorption behavior of the entire soils that are characterized by non-linear increases in the K equilibrium concentration (Ce) and adsorbed amount (qe) due to the rising initial K (Ci) levels. The Power function model best fitted the desorption kinetics, which occurred in three distinct release phases over time: rapid (within 12 hours), gradual decline (72-168 hours), and stabilization (after 288 hours). The addition of K nutrient significantly (P < 0.001) improved the growth and yield of wheat, with the quadratic plateau and linear regression models estimating the 2 optimum external and internal K requirements as 24.48-30.75 mg K L -1 and 1.19-1.30%, respectively. The combined application of CMA:MOP at 37.5 to 62.5% ratios achieved the maximum wheat yield, with better N, P, and K harvest indices, owing to their balanced effects on overall soil properties, including pH, OC, exchangeable bases, and CEC. In conclusion, this work articulated the need for site-specific agricultural planning that addresses the localized heterogeneity of soils along the toposequence to sustainably enhance their fertility and productivity. For instance, it is necessary to prioritize CMA in acidic and low-OC soils and KCl blended ratios in high-buffer soils. However, further research on formulating precise fertilization of other essential elements, alongside vital agronomic and soil management practices (develop split fertilization schedules, water requirements, and crop rotation strategies), is needed to maximize profitable wheatproduction at the experimental site.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASE OF SAESIE TSAEDA EMBA WEREDA, TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.
(2019-11) DESALEGN TEKA GIDEY
These days, trafficking is a worldwide concern that affects the whole world. Every nation in the world, including Ethiopia, has been impacted by human trafficking regardless of socio-economic status, history or political situation. Thousands of Ethiopians trafficked irregularly through the facilitation of brokers and traffickers and face several horrible challenges and perils in the desert and sea routes, transit as well as in the destination countries. Thus, this thesis aims to explore the causes, actors and physical and socio-economic effect of trafficking in persons on victim migrants in Sa’esi’e Tsa’eda Emba wereda, Tigray regional state. This study employed exploratory research design relying on a qualitative research approach and non-probability sampling technique. The total number of research participants were 41 (15 returnees, 5 key informant and 21 individuals for Focus group discussions). The research participants were selected based on snowball and purposeful sampling methods. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through in-depth interview with returnees, key informants, FGDs and reviewing relevant literature. In general, the research findings show that economic and socio- cultural factors are the major causes of trafficking in persons in the study area. Besides, lack of good governance, corruption, and denial of justice are also other triggering factors of human trafficking in Saesie Tsaeda Emba wereda. Further, the findings indicate that the trafficked individuals have faced multifaceted economic, physical and psychological perils during the journey in transit countries as well as after reaching the intended destination countries. The study recommended that the government should reduce poverty, controls its borders, and promote awareness to all levels of the community in the wereda.
Analyzing the Legal and Institutional Functions of Copyright Collective Management Society in Ethiopia: A Comparative Analysis.
(2019-03) Berhanu Mulugeta
Copyright collective management society is very important for managing copyright since individual management is impossible for right holders to exercise their rights by dealing with all potential users. Accordingly, the objective of this thesis is to examine the adequacy of the legal and institutional function of collective management society in Ethiopia and go through the legal loopholes of the new amended copyright law and difficulties of Ethiopian collective management society. The research is predominantly doctrinal and qualitative data is used to test the validity of the research .Also, Comparative study was conducted with foreign laws of other countries namely Canada, Germany, India and Nigeria since these countries have a sound copyright policy, well developed collective management society, and comprehensive copyright law. The researcher found that certain ambiguities on the legal provisions on the formation of collective management society are obstacles for the formation of collective management society. The provisions of Ethiopian collective management society are not compatible with digital technology. Also, the study found out in addition to the legal gaps, there are other challenges that affect the establishment of a strong and functional collective management society in Ethiopia; for instance, lack of trust of copyright owners on collective management society, lack of unity among the copyright owners and cooperation between the government agencies. Therefore, it is concluded that collective management society has not been effectively functioning in Ethiopia due to loopholes of the provisions of copyright law and unable to keep the interest of copyright owners. Accordingly, the researcher recommends amendments in the provisions of the copyright and neighboring right law to make it comprehensive law and to provide viable solutions for the legal gaps and problems that affect the formation of vibrant collective management society. Moreover, Ethiopia should adopt the experiences of the countries like German, Canada, India and Nigeria in managing copyright in protecting the rights of copyright owners and users and set up a well-developed collective management society.
The Legal and Institutional Framework of Public Construction Works Procurement in Ethiopia
(2019-04) Yohanan Yokamo
Ethiopia has adopted its own legal and institutional framework of public procurements consisting of modern public procurement rules, principles and regulatory set ups so as to overhaul the weak and corrupt public procurement systems. Although there are changes in the Ethiopian legal and institutional framework following the enactment of the 2009 Public procurement proclamation, it is argued with regard to its application to different type of public procurements. Accordingly, this paper particularly deals the legal and institutional framework of public construction works procurement in Ethiopia. Crucially, the public procurement regime in a market economy is, inter alia, determined by the quality of the consistency and inclusion of the modern guiding principles for public procurement laws. In this respect, the Public procurement regime has markedly developed considerable guiding principles of public procurement. Accordingly, this work assessed those principles in legal and institutional framework of public construction works procurement in Ethiopia and through discussion; it has found contravening the guiding principles. Accordingly, based on the legal research qualitative methodology and primary data, cases and looking into the existing literature, the paper basically identified that inadequate emphasis given to the methods and procedures of public construction works procurement and lack of specific regulatory framework that adopt e-procurement methods of procurement and Performance- Based Contracting (PBC) in government construction works procurement, and nonetheless, the failure of regulatory framework to effectively address procurement made between two and more public bodies and the fragmented nature of public construction works procurement regulatory framework are crucially affecting the effectiveness of the public construction works procurement in Ethiopia. In addition, the thesis further argues, absence of comprehensive regulatory framework that allows public bodies to check the reasonable performance, require regulatory reforms in Ethiopia to introduce new approach and tools like Performance Based Contracting (PBC) that enable public bodies to reasonably check „cost of procurements effectiveness‟. As regards institutional setups for the competitive public construction works in Ethiopia, the study identified the absence of coordination and overlap of mandates among government organs charged to check and balance the activity of procuring organs in public construction works in Ethiopia.