College of Medicine and Health Science

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The College of Medicine and Health Sciences is committed to excellence in education, research, and community service in medicine, public health, nursing, and allied health sciences.

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    PREVALENCE, INTENSITY, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN ALONG AN IRRIGATION LINE IN JIMA ARJO DISTRICT, EAST WOLLEGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA.
    (hawassa universty, 2023-10) KUMSA ASEFA
    Background: In Ethiopia, Schistosoma mansoni infection is a major public health concern. Schoolchildren typically have the largest parasite burden, and the condition has been associated with anemia, stunting, and cognitive impairments, resulting in poor school performance and greater dropout rates, However, there was insufficient information on the present status of these infections to suggest an intervention in the study area. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, intensity of infection, and factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren along an irrigation line in Jima Arjo district, East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out between February and May 2023. Stool samples are collected from 523 schoolchildren, who are selected by systematic sampling techniques, and they were be examined for the ova of S. mansoni using the three-slide Kato–Katz technique and formal ether concentration techniques. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and possible predisposing factors. Data was entered into Epi-info version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 24 software. Variables with p <0.25 in the bivariate analysis (COR) were entered into multivariable analysis (AOR). A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Result: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the selected primary school was 140 (27.4%). In addition to Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoid 158 (30.9%), Hook worm 41 (8%), Trichuris trichiura 24 (4.3%), Hymenolepis nana 20 (3.9%), Giardia lamblia 18 (3.5%), Enterobius vermicularis 9 (1.8%), and Tenia species 7 (1.4%), were other parasites detected in the investigation. The infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni was 99 (75%) light, 27 (20%) moderate, and 7 (5%) heavy. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infections was significantly higher among schoolchildren who were involved in irrigation-related activities (AOR, 4.49; 95% CI 2.43–8.31; p = 0.001), who had swimming habits (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.15-0.61; p = 0.01), bath habits in canal water (AOR, 5.19; 95% CI 1.78–15.09; p = 0.002), bathing in spring water (AOR, 3.37; 95% CI 1.11–10.24; p = 0.032), and crossing water bodies barefoot (AOR, 0.30; 95% CI 0.17–0.54; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was moderate and the infection intensity was light. Therefore, it is crucial to use biannual (twice a year) mass treatment and integrated approaches such as behavioural change, snail control, and environmental intervention to reduce these infections to an insignificant level.
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    PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON OPPORTUNISTIC INTESTINAL COCCIDIA AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS AMONG HIV PATIENTS ATTENDING ART CLINIC AT WORABE COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, WORABE CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa universty, 2023-10) JEMAL HUSEN
    Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes CD4+ T cell depletion and immune system thinning in humans, which increases the vulnerability of HIV patients to opportunistic and other intestinal parasites known to cause diarrhea that can be severe and persistent, leading to dehydration, abnormal electrolyte levels , weight loss, and malabsorption. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine prevalence of intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasites and risk factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients monitoring their disease status at ART clinics. Materials and Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients attending Anti-Retroviral Therapy clinic at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from May 2022 to September 2023. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Stool specimens were processed for parasitological examination. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered into Epi-info and analyzed by SPSS version 26 software. A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.5%. Eleven different intestinal parasite species were detected. Prevalence of intestinal coccidian in present study was 8.25%. Cryptosporidium spp. 7.7% and Isospora belli 0.5% were identified intestinal coccidian. In multivariate analysis ,educational status; No formal education , animal contact , ART starting time ; <2 years duration on Anti-Retroviral Therapy ,history of diarrhea and CD4 level; 201-499 cell/mm3 were significantly associated variables with prevalence of intestinal parasite among study subject. Conclusions and Recommendations: Intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV patients in the study area. Thus, the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients by using specific as well high sensitivity test. Moreover, adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy should strengthen to improve the immune status
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    ACCEPTABILITY OF HUMAN MILK BANKS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS WHO ARE VISITING PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS FOR CHILD IMMUNIZATION IN HAWASSA CITY, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA, 2023: A MIXED METHOD.
    (hawassa university, 2023-11) ANTENEH BENTI NEGEWO
    Background: Human milk banking is the process by which breast milk is collected, screened and pasteurized for the use to infants especially for premature and low birth weight neonates in health facilities or mothers who cannot breastfeed. This study was planned to discover acceptance of donor breast milk banking and its associated factors among breastfeeding mothers in Hawassa city public health centers, Sidama region, Ethiopia. Objective: To assess acceptance and identify its predictors towards human milk banks among breastfeeding mothers who come for immunization to public health centers in Hawassa city, Sidama region, Ethiopia in 2023. Methods: A mixed method was conducted between March 21 and 2023 to April 30 and 2023 among breastfeeding mothers who come for immunization to public health centers in Hawassa. Data were collected through Interviews and Focus group discussion (FGD). Multi stage (two stage sampling) sampling was conducted. The data were collected by using kobo toolbox and collected data were downloaded into Microsoft excel and then exported into SPSS version 26 for analysis. n=316. Results: - With regards to accepting breast milk donation or banking and willingness to use donated milk for feeding infants 32.0% had good perception towards breast milk donation/willingness for donation, while 68.0% had poor perception and 32.0% had good perception towards donated breast milk/willingness to accept but 68.0% had poor perception. But the only difference is by their reasons. Conclusions and Recommendations: - This study showed that the acceptance of breast milk donation for banking and its use for feeding infants was very low, due to lack of information and misconceptions about the safety of breast milk, along with religious reservations. Therefore, before the initiation of donor milk banking services, a program should be designed to create awareness about donor milk banking among donors and recipients and views of health professionals and policy makers should be collected as they are the immediate stakeholders for the implementation of human milk banking service.
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    WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF 80% METHANOL EXTRACT AND SOLVENT FRACTIONS OF PLECTRANTHUS CYLINDRACEUS HOECHST. EX. BENTH LEAVES IN MICE
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) EMEBET NIGATU BIRHANU
    Background: The leaves of Plectranthus cylindraceus are traditionally used to treat wounds. Even though, there have been claims supporting wound healing effect, there are no scientific data on wound healing activities of the leaves of Plectranthus cylindraceus. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate wound healing activity of 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of Plectranthus cylindraceus in mice. Method: The leaves of Plectranthus cylindraceus were dried, ground and macerated with 80% methanol three times successively. The crude extract was fractioned by water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane, separately. Acute dermal toxicity tests were done by applying 2000 mg/kg of 10% (w/w) crude extract ointment. The wound healing activity of the crude extract was evaluated on excision and incision wound models. While, the fractions were evaluated on the excision wound model. The evaluation consisted of assessing the wound contraction rate, epithelialization period and histopathological analysis compared to simple ointment negative control. One-way ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey test was conducted using IBM SPSS software version 27.0 for data analysis, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Acute dermal toxicity test result showed that topical application of 2000 mg/kg of 10%(w/w) crude extract ointment (CEO) of P.cylindraceus did show any sign of toxicity and hence considered safe. Both the 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) crude extract ointment exerted significant(p < 0.001) wound contraction from day 4 onwards compared to the simple ointment (SO) and resulted in reduced periods of epithelialization. The crude extract ointment treated mice exhibited a significantly increased tensile strength (p< 0.001) compared to untreated and negative control groups. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the crude extract also demonstrated significant improvement in wound contraction and epithelialization time reduction on the excision wound model compared to the negative control group. The aqueous fraction demonstrated better activity compared to others. Conclusion: The positive results of the study, which include the advancement of wound contraction, reduction in the period of epithelialization, and improvement of tensile strength, validate the traditional use of Plectranthus cylindraceus for wound healing.
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    ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN VISITING ASSELA REFERRAL HOSPITAL
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) TILAHUN ENDALE
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and undernutrition in under-five children are of significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries and contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, under-five children are more susceptible to infection. However, information is scarce in the study area. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between intestinal parasites and the anthropometric status of outpatients under five children in Assela referral hospital, east Arsi zone, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at Assela referral hospital from February 15 to March 15, 2024. Stool samples were collected from 227 children and examined using direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Children's weight, height, and Z scores were measured using a digital balance scale and a wooden board, with mothers or caregivers deducted from weight. The data were entered into Excel and analyzed using WHO-Anthro Plus software version v3.2.2 and SPSS v24 statistical software, respectively. An AOR analysis was done to test the association between intestinal parasites and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 38 (16.7%), 64 (28.2%), and 59 (26%), respectively. The total prevalence of parasitosis was 19.4% of children infected with at least one type of intestinal parasite. The most common intestinal parasitic infections detected in the study were E. histolytica (8.4%), E.Vermicularis (4.4%), and Giardia lamblia (3.5%). Residence (P: <0.001), deworming (P: 0.009), toilet (P: 0.034), and others like: fingernail cleanness, water source and parental education levels were the predictor variables for the prevalence of IPIs. Protozoan parasites are the most common cause of disease in under-five children in the area. Public health interventions for intestinal parasitic infections include targeted deworming programs, health education campaigns, sanitation improvements, routine screening, nutritional support, community-based interventions, and comprehensive health policies
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    TRENDS, PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF MALARIA INFECTION IN DALE DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-05) TIGIST YONAS
    Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The bulk of global malaria burden is in Sub Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Despite global efforts to combat malaria, the disease's prevalence and transmission dynamics vary across regions, influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and climatic factors. This study aims to assess the prevalence, trends, and associated risk factors of malaria infection in the Dale Districts of the Sidama Region, Ethiopia. By examining both previous prevalence data from 2018 to 2022 and assessing active malaria cases in 2023, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of malaria dynamics in the region. Data on malaria trends over five years were obtained from the malaria laboratory registry books of local health facilities. For active malaria cases, a cross-sectional survey was conducted involving adults with febrile symptoms from selected villages. The study employed both microscopic blood analysis and structured questionnaires to assess malaria prevalence and respondents' knowledge of the disease.The finding of this study indicate that, from 2018 to 2022, a total of 129,613 suspected malaria cases were recorded, with 15,030 testing positive, yielding an overall positivity rate of 11.60%. Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite, accounting for 76.80% of cases. Gender analysis revealed higher incidence rates among males (54.76%), while age-specific analysis showed the highest incidence in young adults aged 15-29 years which is (24.76%). Seasonal trends indicated a peak in malaria cases between September and November. Statistical analysis using Negative Binomial regression highlighted significant factors influencing malaria prevalence, including seasonality and age. For the cross sectional study the, prevalence of malaria among 381 respondents, females exhibited higher malaria prevalence (16.38%) compared to males (9.51%). The highest prevalence was observed in individuals over 50 years old (22.00%). Logistic regression identified significant associations with the use of mosquito nets, anti-malaria spraying, and the presence of stagnant water in the surrounding . In the study area both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax co-exist with the dominance of Plasmodium falciparu, in malaria cases underscores the need for targeted interventions against this species. The findings recommend targeted interventions focusing on high-risk groups, enhanced healthcare access, and community engagements are crucial for effective malaria control in the Dale Districts.
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    The prevalence and associated risk factors of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in school age children at Dura (May Nigus) irrigational dam, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia
    (hawassa university, 2024-10) TEKLAY ABRHA YANSHET
    A water-borne parasitic disease Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma, continues to be a major public health issue in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including Northern Ethiopia's Tigray region. This study investigates the prevalence of S. mansoni and associated risk factors in the irrigational dams in Dura (May Nigus). A school age child-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Debrebrhan secondary and Dura elementary schools in the central Tigray region. Two hundred four schoolchildren aged from seven to twenty-one years were randomly selected to provide stool specimens for Schistosoma infection examination by Kato-Katz techniques. Of the 204 randomly selected students, 190(93.14%) passed the stool collection for stool specimen examination, and 24 (12.6%) were found positive for Schistosoma mansoni. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOD)); for irrigation practice; 13.21, 95% CI (2.35, 74.20); p=0.003, for fetching water 14.52, 95% CI (2.82, 74.7); p=0.001, for washing clothes 6.4, 95% CI, (1.14, 35.4); p=0.035 respectively. Meaning thy are individually associated with S. mansoni presence. According to the retrospective data even-though there is decreasing intestinal case examination in St. Merry Hospital Axum for the past ten years the total prevalence(trend) for Schistosoma mansoni shows increasing from year to year with slight fluctuation in different age groups and genders. The most prevalent were in males among the age 10 to 25 years old. Based on the prevalence result for Schistosoma mansoni, now is the critical time to take controlling measurement and treatment in the community with a full campaign for elimination. A treatment of all school-age children once every two years is recommended with Snail control and non-specific control approaches, including the provision of clean water supply and health education, should also complement to the mass drug administration of praziquantel
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    HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANT STATUS OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE (S.L.) IN MALARIA ENDEMIC DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGION, SOUTH ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-05) MEDAN TAYE HUSSE
    The prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia has decreased somewhat in recent decades, but it is currently increasing as a result of the introduction of insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the anopheles mosquito's insecticide susceptibility status and habitat characterization in a selected study area at November. Cross sectional study was used to conduct the study. The presence of Anopheles larvae was confirmed in all water-holding habitats, and information about the habitat's perimeter, water depth, light intensity, current flow, temperature, pH, turbidity, and proximity to the closest house was noted. Additionally, information about vegetation coverage, permanence, surface debris, emergent plant, habitats and substrate type of larval holding habitats were recorded for the purpose of characterizing the habitat. Sample of anopheles larvae were taken to Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology from study area in November 2024. The larvae were then reared there, their insecticide susceptibility tested, and their species was identified using the Coetzee 2020 identification key. In order to test for insecticide susceptibility, 100 adult Anopheles mosquitoes were exposed to each insecticide that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended (propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and alpha-cypermethrin 0.45%). The knockdown times (KDT), percentage knockdown, and percentage mortalities of the exposed mosquitoes were noted. Anopheles gambiae s.l., the species of mosquito that was identified, was resistant to propoxur (0.1%) and delthametrin (0.05%), but it was completely susceptible to alpha cypermethrin (0.45%) across all study sites. In all research sites, alpha-cypermethrin insecticide took less time (18.67-24.23min) to kill 50% of Anopheles gambiae s.l. In every study area, the KDT50 of Anopheles gambiae exposed to propoxur insecticide was high, ranging from 51.95 to 56.25 minutes. Anopheles mosquito species that dominate study area was Anopheles gambiae s.l; it was susceptible to Alpha cypermethrin and resistant to delthametrin and propoxur and it prefer to breed in habitat which exposed to sun light, had stone substrate and had no canopy cover. Anopheles gambiae (s.l) that inhabit Chuko, Dale and Loka Abaya was susceptible to Alphacypermethrin and resistant to Deltamethring & Propoxure. This species was highly productive in habitat like ditches, burrow pits and road puddle which exposed to sun light, without canopy cover and with stony substrate.
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    PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS VISITING ADARE HOSPITAL HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) BONTU DESU
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a significant public health issue, especially in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of IPIs and identify the associated risk factors among patients visiting Adare Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia. A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted, with socio-demographic data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and stool samples analyzed using Direct Microscopy (Wet Mount) and Formal-Ether Concentration methods.. Data was analysed using SPSS version-27, by descriptive statistics and Logistic regression analyses. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance .Out of 422 stool samples, 152 (36.0%) tested positive for intestinal parasites. The most commonly detected parasites were Giardia lamblia (14.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.4%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (7.6%), while Hymenolepis nana was less frequently identified. Additionally, 16 participants (3.8%) had double infections. This study investigates the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in a specific population, focusing on age, income, occupation, hygiene practices, and access to clean water, dietary habits, and medical history. Findings reveal that Children aged 0-5 and 6-15 years face a higher risk of infection (AOR 1.509, p = 0.018), (AOR 1;59, P=0.17)respectively and low-income households, particularly those earning below 1000 NTS, are at greater risk (AOR 1.304, p < 0.01). Among occupations, students show a notably high risk (AOR 13.39, p < 0.001). Hygiene practices, especially hand washing with soap and water, significantly reduce IPI risk (AOR 0.188, p = 0.030), while limited access to clean water increases it (AOR 3.436, p < 0.001). Dietary habits, such as consuming raw meat or fish, are linked to higher infection rates (AOR 0.368, p = 0.001).These finding highlight critical risk factors, including age, income, occupation, hygiene, and water access and underscore the need for improved hygiene practices, sanitation, and access to clean water in Hawassa to mitigate the spread of parasitic infections. This study provides essential insights that can inform targeted public health interventions in the region.
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    ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT AMONG MOTHERS WHO UNDERWENT CAESEREAN SECTION UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA AT SELECTED HOSPITALS OF SIDAMA REGION, IN 2024, MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY.
    (hawassa university, 2024-06) THOMAS AMENO
    Introduction: Caesarean section is the most common delivery procedure in the world, and pain is a major problem in the postoperative period. Postoperative pain management outcomes and satisfactions with pain management have been important indicators to evaluate the quality of postoperative pain management. The best way of quality assessment of postoperative pain management is based on patients self-report. Objectives: To assess quality of postoperative pain management among mothers who underwent caesarean section within the 1st, 6, 12 and 24 postoperative hours among mothers taking spinal anesthesia at study area, Ethiopia in 2024. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from February 2024 to May 2024 at multicenter. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect data until 24 hours after surgery. SPSS version 20 was used to code, input, validate, and analyze the data. Socio-demographic data and pain severity were summarized using descriptive statistics. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done to evaluate the association between independent and dependent variable. For variables with a p-value < 0.25, multivariable logistic regression was performed. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Total 264 mothers participated in this study. The number of participants at the level of good quality and not good quality of postoperative pain management were 11(4.17%) and 253(95.83%) respectively. Education/Orientation on preoperative about anesthesia and operation (AOR, 6.856, 95% CI: 1.344-34.980), Adjuvant added with bupivacaine (AOR: 5.909, 95% CI: 1.314-26.570), and Nerve block done at the end of procedure (AOR: 4.643, 95% CI: 1.075 20.050), were all significantly associated with postoperative pain.
Academic and research outputs of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences.