LLM in Commercial Law

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/180

Browse

Start date: 2020End date: 2025

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 21
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    EXAMINING THE LAWS REGULATING OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND FORECLOSURE IN MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA
    (2020-06) ABRIHAM PETROS BASSA
    Many people in Ethiopia have been given access to formal financial services through microfinance programs. However, currently millions of potential clients in the region remain unserved and the demand for financial services far exceeds the currently available supply. Microfinance institutions mainly relied on government, NGOs and associations for their finances. Hence the sectors are characterized by capital constraint. Because of this their service is limited to specific locations of the region. There is weak private investors’ participation in the sectors due to absence of dividend of profit and free transfer of shares. More over the sector is characterized by its weak repayment rate of loan because of absence of specific /separate/ foreclosure law which is suitable for their specific future. So the paper found that to establish sustainable and well outreached MFIs, there should be wide shareholders bases or solid ownership base and specific and adequate foreclosure laws that have its own procedural remedies. Hence absence of separate foreclosure law and weak ownership base are identified as the major obstacles for the sustainability of the MFIs. Microfinance institutions should give more emphasis to financial sustainability and making the environment suitable for private investors in order to reduce their subsidy dependence, ensure survival to achieve their social objective and growth in the future. The methodology employed for this study was qualitative and the data were collected from both primary and secondary sources by selecting the institutions purposively. Accordingly, the study recommends the concerning organ to refine the provision that regulate ownership structure and to enact comprehensive specific foreclosure law that have its own procedural remedies for execution.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    FAIR TRADE PRACTICES OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES UNDER ETHIOPIAN LAW: THE LAW AND PRACTICES; WONDO TRADING AND INVESTMENT COMPANY IN FOCUS
    (2020-09) EYASU GODANA GOSOMA
    This study was geared to analyse the fairness of the trade competition among private entities and public enterprises. To achieve this objective, the attempt was made to examine theoretical and legal frameworks, the fairness of the laws and competition practice by utilizing qualitative research design with predominantly doctrinal legal research method. This has been accompanied by documentary analysis and key informant interview as data collection strategy. The study has found out, market based view, resource based view, trusteeship principle, and survival and growth of business principle and economic efficiency theory as theoretical foundation of the competition and competition laws among which economic efficiency is basis for Ethiopian competition laws. Besides, various national laws are identified as legal frameworks governing competition in Ethiopia. Study has also revealed that, the legal provisions governing competition appears fair among private entities and public enterprises. However, study has disclosed practical fairness of competition among private commercial entities public enterprises is inconceivable due to couple of defects noticeable; among which loopholes regarding the very applicability of relevant law, and lack of implementation regulations; and executive intervention and inequality of playing field as critical legal and practical factors challenging fairness of competition respectively among private commercial entities and public enterprises. Accordingly, study has concluded that impartial law enforcement is doubtful regarding public enterprises and pillars of fair competition are being tainted by different legal and practical factors. Therefore, researcher has recommended that, House of Peoples Representatives to revisit relevant law and avoid ambiguous phrase and resulting subjectivity to different interpretations and Council of Ministers and relevant Ministry to issue regulation and directives and public notices respectively and call for impartial enforcement of competition laws even handily and government’s reduced engagement in the economy.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    PROSCRIPTION OF GROUPS OR ORGANIZATIONS AS A TERRORIST UNDER ETHIOPIAN TERRORISM LAW; A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY
    (2023-11) CHEMIR WOLLDE KERGA
    The Ethiopian government has implemented a comprehensive legal framework to combat terrorism, including provisions for proscription of organizations or groups as terrorist entities which involves designating it as a terrorist organization, thereby making its activities illegal and subject to criminal penalties. This comparative legal study examined the proscription of organizations as terrorists under the Ethiopian terrorism law through comparative analysis. Comparative jurisdictions may differ in the extent to which they provide procedural fairness, judicial review, or mechanisms for organizations to challenge their designation as terrorists. Additionally, the analysis explores the implications of proscribing organizations as terrorists on freedom of association and freedom of expression. Accordingly, laws of U.S., Australia, and Nigeria are considered for comparison. Selection of these nations as a sample is because of universal nature of terrorism crime and as member states to UN, they reached an agreement to combat it. Additionally, they enacted laws on proscription of organizations as a terrorist and practiced it. To achieve the intended objectives the thesis employed qualitative method as an approach. After the collected primary and secondary data analysis, the study found that the Ethiopian proscription of organization as a terrorist law seeks amendment in terms of providing clear grounds to proscribe, the procedural safeguards of the organization proscribing, accountability and transparency of the proscribing body and guarantying of human rights of individual associated with the organizations.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ASSESSING THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR MORTGAGE BANKS IN ETHIOPIA
    (2023-11) RASHIDA AMAN JERSO
    The development of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks can determine the efficiency and sustainability of the housing finance system. A well-functioning mortgage market will primarily increase funding for housing at competitive cost and pricing to consumers of housing there by enabling more people to afford decent housing. The lack of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks and integrating them with other conventional banks governing regimes is causing doubt and undermining the recently revived mortgage industry in Ethiopia. Hence, the basic objective of the study is to assess mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks in Ethiopia. The qualitative method of the study has been used to address the research questions effectively and efficiently, and the research has been supported by the notion of public interest theory. In conducting the study, general principles pertaining to effective legal and regulatory frameworks for mortgage banks and the experiences of some of the purposefully selected countries based on their successes and relevance to Ethiopia have been used. Finally, the study found that the outdated and one-sized legal and regulatory frameworks for all banks in the Ethiopian universal banking model have influenced the development of mortgage banks in Ethiopia. The study recommends that lawmakers should enact a comprehensive law and set up an organized regulatory framework for mortgage banks so as to adequately regulate and harmonize the housing finance system in the country.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    REGULATING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF ‘IKUB’ IN GURAGE SOCIETY
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) HAILU NIMA AYANTA
    This thesis examines the legal and practical challenges of one of the most important Ethiopian informal financial institutions known as ROSCA or Ikub. These institutions play a vital role in solving financial problems among Gurage societies. While playing a key role in addressing financial issues in Gurage, many Ikubs lack auditors and do not conduct regular audits, leading to potential problems with financial transparency and accountability. In addition, there are Ikubs in Gurage that impose penalties each day due to noncompliance, even though the Ikub operates on a weekly basis. These institutions in Gurage often lack written internal bylaws, despite some having their own bylaws, which often conflict with the national laws. Moreover, this thesis found that, in most Ikub of Gurage the chairperson took full lot of Ikub without making any contributions to the entire season, which can result in the chairperson gaining unfair advantages. However, lessons from Thailand and South Africa show that a ROSCA manager does not gain any advantages besides being eligible to receive the central fund within a specified timeframe. Overall, this thesis sheds light on the complexities of informal financial institutions operating in Gurage, Ethiopia, and provides insights into the need to have a separate legal framework to govern informal financial institutions like Ikub in Ethiopia
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    PRIVATE COMMERCIAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN ETHIOPIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES OF ARBITRATION IN ADDIS ABABA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) MEKIT ZELEKE ALEMAYEHU
    Today Arbitration has emerged as a significant mechanism for resolving commercial disputes, especially given the growing complexity of domestic and international business transactions. To meet this, Ethiopia introduced a legal reform through Proclamation No. 1237/2021. This legal reform aims to modernize Ethiopia’s arbitration legal and institutional framework by providing a governing regime and recognizing institutional arbitration practice. This thesis based the objective of critically examines the impact of this newly introduced on the commercial arbitration landscape in Ethiopia, with a particular focus on how it has shaped the development and operation of commercial arbitration institutions in Addis Ababa. It compares the current arbitration legal framework with the previous legal regime, emphasizing the Civil and Procedure Codes. In addition, the thesis assesses and identifies the practical and legal challenges that arbitration centers face following the 2021 legal reform, to achieve these objectives; the thesis employed Within the qualitative research design, the socio legal research methodological approach in a blend of both doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research. Along with legal analysis, key informant interviews were conducted with relevant individuals and experts involved in the subject of the study and arbitration institutions included in the study. These primary sources along with secondary sources were thematically analysed and triangulated in this thesis. Accordingly, the thesis shows that while the legal reform has facilitated the development of institutional arbitration, there are significant gaps. These gaps include legal and practical. the legal is not having clear regulations for establishing arbitration centres and also the problem conflict arbitration law and other laws, the practical challenge is resources and awareness With these findings, the thesis recommends the implementation of a clearer regulatory and amending thus conflicting part of the legation, and for practical challenges investing in awareness and supporting institutional capacity to ensure a more robust and effective environment for arbitration
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BANKS IN ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) MEKDES MENA TEKA
    The banking sector plays a vital role in the development of the country, serving as the conduit for financial intermediation. Minimum capital requirements are essential for ensuring banks maintain a buffer against potential losses, thereby safeguarding depositors’ funds and promoting overall financial stability. These requirements are designed to enhance the resilience of banks and prevent systemic risks that could arise from inadequate capitalization. NBE sets capital requirements for banks from time to time by updating the pre-existing capital requirements to respond to both domestic needs and international regulatory standards. The study aimed to evaluate the minimum capital requirement laws and its challenges for small banks to meet the required capital in Ethiopia. In relation to the methodology, the study used a blend of both doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research, and in addition, the purposive sampling technique was used. The study has been conducted on the basis of qualitative research techniques to analyze minimum capital requirement laws and its challenges for small banks to meet the required capital in Ethiopia. Data were collected from different sources like laws, proclamations, and directives by NBE, books, journals, and articles related with minimum capital requirements for banks. Moreover, semi-structured interviews have also been conducted with private banks managers at the Hawassa branch and NBE policy supervision department. Finally, the data collected were analyzed through the content analysis method. Based on the findings of the thesis, it is concluded that small banks, especially those started their operations recently, faced challenges to meet the required amount of capital because of the inadequate capital held by them. Based on the findings, recommendations were forwarded. So, it is highly recommended that the NBE should regularly review and adjust the laws and policies to keep pace with the changing economic conditions and launch campaigns aimed at educating the public to join the bank industry. Lastly, the NBE must instruct small banks to have continuous training programs for their staff and to use new technology to minimize costs
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF SHARE COMPANY DIRECTORS UNDER THE NEW COMMERCIAL CODE OF ETHIOPIA: LESSONS FROM SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES.
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-05) EMIL KEDIR
    his research examines the duties and liabilities of share company directors under the new Ethiopian commercial code, comparing it with South African, United Kingdom, and German company law. The study aims to examine the best experiences and lessons learned from these countries and draw lessons for the Ethiopian system. The research highlights the limitations of the revised Ethiopian commercial code, recommending that directors must operate in the best interests of shareholders. However, the director's duty of loyalty did not include all three components: refraining from using corporate opportunities for personal gain, refraining from having a personal stake in business transactions with third parties, and maintaining confidentiality of corporate information. Despite these shortcomings, the new Ethiopian commercial code remains effective compared to foreign jurisdictions. The research also provides recommendations for improving the Ethiopian commercial code
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    THE ETHIOPIAN MICROINSURANCE REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) BEHAILU ALEBACHEW
    Micro insurance is a novel financial strategy that recently evolved for the purpose of providing appropriate risk control mechanisms for low income-segment of the society. Our country Ethiopia is characterized by extreme levels of poverty exacerbated by the fragmented and under-developed state of agriculture. Illness, death and drought are the biggest risks in Ethiopia. Even though, micro insurance is understood to be an effective tool for the protection of the poor, the micro insurance industry of the country is in infant stage and its regulatory frameworks are marred by a lot of regulatory inefficiencies .This study critically assessed the existing regulatory frameworks of Ethiopian micro insurance industry. The study applies doctrinal and non-doctrinal research approach. In order to explore the different issues included in the research, both primary and secondary data are used .Key informant interviews with carefully chosen from National Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Insurance Corporation and former Omo Micro Finance Institution S.C current Omo Bank S.C personnel and knowledgeable specialists and relevant laws were employed to gather the study's primary data. The secondary data were gathered from various published and unpublished publications, including internets, scholarly works, books and journal articles. Both descriptive and explanatory methods were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, although, the NBE has enacted micro insurance business licensing, license renewal and product approval Directive No. SMIB/3/2020, its regulatory frameworks are marred by a lot of regulatory inefficiencies .Some of the notable challenges of the regulatory framework include absence of separate , consolidated, specialized , adequate and fragmented structure of the regulatory frameworks .The researcher recommends regulatory approach shift from functional and institutional approach to only institutional approach and legislative amendments for the introduction of separate, specialized, comprehensive, adequate and consolidated micro insurance regulatory frameworks which will enables the coming of separate and specialized micro insurance companies and to enhance micro insurance penetration in the country.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    REGULATING SUKUK SECURITIES IN ETHIOPIA’s CAPITAL MARKET: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND LESSONS OF THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2025-06) ABDULKERIM BEFETA MOHAMMED
    Sukuk emerged as an alternative sharia-compliant financial instrument to conventional debt-based instruments. Nowadays, Sukuk is one of the flexible and fastest-growing financial products in the global financial market. In Ethiopia, despite high demand for sharia-compliant products, comprehensive regulatory frameworks for Islamic finance have not yet been developed. Besides, Ethiopia has recently introduced a capital market as an investment opportunity to provide diverse and innovative financial products for all. Following this, there is legal recognition of Sukuk. Despite this, there is no specific law that regulates Sukuk products and the current financial laws also not suitable for Sukuk in Ethiopia. This paper aims to assess the need to develop regulatory framework for Sukuk securities in Ethiopia by analyzing the successful experience of other nations. To this end, the research employed doctrinal research methodology and also comparatively analyzed the best experience of selected nations (Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria) to draw lessons for the successful regulation of Sukuk in Ethiopia. It has been observed that, in selected jurisdictions supportive legal and regulatory framework significantly supported the development of Sukuk. Based on the analysis, the researcher proposes legal and regulatory institutional issues. Among others, Ethiopia should modify the existing principal legislations to regulate Sukuk as a financial security, prepare detailed regulations or guidelines for Sukuk, establish a centralized Sharia advisory council and establish an appropriate forum of adjudications for the successful regulation and implementation of Sukuk. Regarding operational strategies, Ethiopia should adopt and implement the simplest and common Sukuk structures through a phased-based approach.