Department of Veterinary Medicine

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/95

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    ISOLATION, MOLECULAR DETECTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SALMONELLA FROM COW MILK AND BEEF IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSTY, 2023-10) TARIKU GEINORO ALLEYO
    Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases and frequently reported for exacerbating increase of multi-drug resistance worldwide. Unhygienic practices throughout food chain and cultural habits of raw animal products contributed for the expansion of the infection and increment in antimicrobial resistance especially in developing world like Ethiopia. A cross- sectional type of study was conducted from December, 2022 to June, 2023. The study was aimed with isolation, molecular detection and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella from cow milk and beef in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Wondo Genet districts of Sidama Regional State. A total of 216 samples of which 152 milk and 64 beef samples were collected with purposive and simple random sampling methods for isolation and biochemical identification of Salmonella. Positive isolates obtained from bacteriological and biochemical tests were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the isolate’s antimicrobial susceptibility profile was tested by using disk diffusion method for twelve selected antimicrobials. SPSS windows version 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. Fisher’s exact test was the measure of association of isolates with different attributes. Bacteriological and biochemical detection tests revealed that 6.5% (N=14/216) Salmonella was isolated from the total sample. However, in molecular detection, only 9 of the 14 isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella using PCR test, which was 4.17% of the total. The proportion was 5.38%, 3.23%, and 2.38% in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Wondo Genet districts, respectively. There was no significant variation in prevalence among the districts and between sample types milk (3.9%) and beef (4.7%) (p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant (p > 0.05) variation was observed in the Salmonella isolation rate among retailers (4.84%), households (5.56%) and farms (1.85%) as well as between yoghurt (6.45%) and raw (3.31%) milk. The result of the antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that Salmonella isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin and cephalothin while they were above 50% sensitive to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamycin. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was demonstrated in all isolates. Overall, this study showed that Salmonella was prevalent in cow milk and beef produced and consumed; and developed MDR which may pose public health concern in the study area. Thus, subsequent regular investigations on serotypes, AMR genes and risk factors as well as rational use of antimicrobials is necessary.
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    SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND TSETSE FLY DENSITY IN ZALA DISTRICT, GOFA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) TONE TOKA TOKOSSA
    Bovine trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease causing serious economic losses in livestock productivity and agricultural development. However, the seasonal information of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly density is very limited in many parts of the country including the southern rift valley of the country, particularly in Gofa Zone. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess tsetse fly apparent density in Zala district. For the parasitological study, a total of 560 animals (280 in each season) were examined for trypanosomosis by using buffy coat technique. For the entomological survey, 80 NGU traps odour-baited with acetone were deployed in watering and grazing points in which the animals and vector are believed to have frequent contact. An overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 6.96%, of which 4.28% and 9.64% accounted for the dry and wet season, respectively. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was significantly higher during the wet season (OR = 2.38; p < 0.05), in black and black spotted coat colour (OR = 4.61, p < 0.05) and poor body conditioned (OR = 4.55; p < 0.05) animals. Two species of trypanosomes, Trypanosome congolense, 87.18% and Trypanosome vivax, 12.82% were circulating in the area both in dry and wet season. The mean PCV value in infected animals (20.89 ± 4.04) was significantly lower than in non-infected animals (22.9 ± 6.32 %). The entomological study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as G. pallidipes and two species of other biting flies, Stomoxys and Tabanus were distributed in the study area. From all traps deployed in both wet and dry season of the study district, a total of 564 tsetse and other biting flies were caught of which, 56.9% belongs to G. pallidipes and 43.1% were other biting flies. Overall apparent densities of G. pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 1.38 and 1 flies/trap/day, respectively. Relatively, higher Glossina/trap/day caught in the wet season, (1.78 flies/trap/day) than in the dry season (1 flies/trap/day). Therefore, bovine trypanosomosis is one of the major impediments to livestock development and a potential threat to health and productivity of cattle in Zala district. Hence, the tsetse and trypanosomosis control scheme in tsetse infested areas of the district should be strengthened in coordinated manner to minimize the burden of the disease.