Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

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    EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE, FIXED AND CONVENTIONAL FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT WATER APPLICATION LEVELS ON ONION PRODUCTION IN DUBTI, AFAR
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-21) ZINABU AKELE DERBEW
    Water scarcity is a major constraint for the production of food required in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, deficit irrigation and application of irrigation systems are important concerns to improve water productivity and sustained production in the areas with water shortage like lower Awash valley. A field experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the performance of alternate, fixed and conventional furrow irrigation systems under different water application levels on onion yield in Dubti, lower Awash basin. The treatments were three deficit irrigation levels of 50%, 75% and 100% of crop water requirements with three furrow irrigation systems of conventional, alternate and fixed furrow were laid out a factorial random complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on plant growth and bulb yield were collected and analyzed. The result of the study indicated highly significant (α ≤ 0.0) differences for yield and WUE’s. The highest bulb yield of 25.46 ton/ha was obtained at 100% ETC with conventional furrow irrigation method. AFI 50% ETC water application level gave the highest water use efficiency. In contrast, the minimum water use efficiency was recorded with conventional furrow method with 100% water application level. CFI 100%, CFI 75%, and AFI 50% were not shown significant difference on yield which is 25.46 ton/ha, 24.88 ton/ha, and 24.54 ton/ha respectively, besides better water use efficiency of 8.39 kg/m3 was recorded from AFI 100%. In relative to the control CFI 100%, applying AFI 100% able to increase 0.868 ha net additional irrigable land per each hectare. Therefore, it can be decided that Alternative furrow irrigation with 100% ETC increased water use efficiency and can solve a problem of water shortage by improving WUE without significant reduction of yield
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    HYDRAULIC MODELING AND FLOOD MAPPING OF HAROSHA RIVER WITH HEC-RAS AND HEC-GeoRAS MODELS IN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-27) MULUGETA TAREKE ABEBE
    The Harosha river catchment is found in Tigray region in Raya Valley. This study area is surrounded by Waja and Tumuga catchment in the south and Harosha, Limeat and Harle catchment in the North and also it is the upper south part of the Raya valley catchment. The area is also dominated by undulating terrain with relatively steep to moderately steep and flatter slopes in the downstream of the catchment. Harosha flood plain has been vulnerable to high flooding from rainfall during rainy season. Also the main causes of these damages are land use changes from years to years and the main objective of this study is to estimate peak flood for various return period and prepare flood inundation mapping that can be used as decision support system for future intervention. The data used for this study was annual daily maximum rainfall, DEM, land use land cover map, and soil map and the flood frequency analysis of annual maximum daily rainfall was analyzed. The SCS rain fall-runoff method, HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS and ArcGIS environment are used to determine the peak flood for different return periods. The simulation result for return period of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year floods magnitude are 347.4, 383.7, 420.8, 443.6 and 463.1m 3 /s respectively. The maximum flood hazard and flow depth maps for a return periods of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year are 84.6 and 3.36; 86.1 and 3.84; 86.9 and 4.35; 87.1 and 4.91; and 87.7 hectare and 5.89 m respectively with a maximum velocity of 4.6 m/s.
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WOSHA AND WERKA IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN WONDO GENET DISTRICT, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-21) HENOK TESFAYE CHARINET
    Expanding efficient irrigation development on various scales is one of the best alternatives to provide reliable and sustainable food security. However, many irrigation schemes in developing countries in general and particularly in Ethiopia are performance below capacity. Performance evaluation of irrigation schemes plays a fundamental role in improving irrigation system of a scheme by identifying where the critical problems occurred. Evaluation of irrigation schemes carried out at Wondo Genet SNNPRS, Ethiopia. The primary objective of evaluating Wosha and Werka irrigation schemes using internal and external indicators were to evaluate their performance and suggest possible interventions to enhance their capacity. Internal indicators including conveyance, application, water storage, water distribution uniformity efficiency, and deep percolation ratio were used at the head, middle and tail reach of each scheme. Moreover, external indicators of agriculture output, water supply, water delivery capacity and physical indicator were used for evaluating the schemes. The results showed that the conveyance, application, storage, distribution efficiency of 55.6, 48.2, 89.8 and 91.7%, respectively were found at Wosha irrigation scheme whereas 43.0, 59.0, 87.2 and 91.4%, respectively at Werka irrigation scheme. The agricultural output performance such as OPUIA, OPUCA, OPUIS, and OPUWC were 4213.97 US$/ha, 8732.29 US$/ha, 1.18 and 0.32, respectively at Wosha irrigation scheme and 5840.34, 8534.19, 1.77 and 0.42 respectively for Werka irrigation scheme. Water supply indicators such as RIS and RWS were 0.64 and 0.71, respectively for Wosha 0.48 and 0.55, respectively for Werka irrigation scheme. The result indicates that water delivery capacity of Wosha and Werka irrigation schemes were 1.56 and 1.32, respectively. Physical indicators revealed that irrigation ratio of 0.89 and 0.78 and sustainability of irrigated area of 2.07, and 1.46 were found at Wosha and Werka irrigation schemes. Among the internal indicators, application efficiency was very low especially at Wosha irrigation scheme due to higher water loss through deep percolation. The overall efficiency was also below the desired level, where 26.8 and 25.4 %, respectively realized at Wosha and Werka irrigation schemes. Based on the above observation, adoption of water saving practices such as deficit irrigation, surge and cutoff application to improving application, conveyance and distribution systems can enhance crop productivity per unit irrigation water
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    E F FED I NOITAGIRRI TC L EVE SL TA EREFFID TN GR TWO H S EGAT S NO YI LE D DNA ETAW R P O YTIVITCUDOR F O OIN N U REDN UF WORR TAGIRRI I NO SYS M
    (Hawassa University, 2018-12-27) GAT SS E EB K LE E HES BE O
    W reta s ac r ytic si eht m tso eves er tniartsnoc of r arutlucirga l tworg h ni dira dna imes - ra di saera . oT evo r moc e iht ,s t eh er si a n ee d to esu ht e elbaliava wa ret yltneiciffe na d acimonoce lly w hcih si an tnatropmi ygetarts ot sserdda tneserp dna erutuf retaw deen . ehT S seidut ni ticifed girri ati no noitacilppa ot orpmi ve retaw vitcudorp yti a er detimil ni eht duts y aera . sihT yduts saw c detcudno ni arsiM k Az tenre reB b ere Wor ade ni etliS enoZ orf m ceD e rebm ot aM r hc / 20 71 / 81 ot etagitsevni ht e tceffe fo fed i tc oitagirri n slevel no dleiy dna retaw p ytivitcudor no O noin rednu worruf i irr g noita metsys . ehT tnemirepxe deniatnoc n eni tnemtaert s hcihw edulcni : lortnoc (0 % DI); 02 % ID dna 04 % DI evel l guorht tuoh org wt h ;segats 0 % ID , 02 % ID , 04 % ID dna 20 % ID ( .i e: ,laitini oleved p ,latnem dim dna etal segats ) ser p levitce y; 04 % ,ID 02 % ID , 0 % ID dna 02 % ID ( :e.i ni ni i ,lait latnempoleved , dim dna etal egats s), r evitcepse ly dna 20 % ID ta hcae htworg st sega ( e.i : ni laitini , poleved m latne , dim dna etal segats ), itcepser v yle erew dial tuo ni CR DB detacilper eerht emit s ehT . stluser iatbo n de detacidni taht d fe i i tc r noitagir slevel ereffid ni n segats htworg t dah yltnacifingis detceffa eht dleiy dna dleiy moc p tneno fo O noin ta (p ≤ 50.0 ). ehT tsehgih elbatekram blub dleiy (2 23.9 ah/not ) saw niatbo ed morf T1 ( lortnoc ) ihw ch saw detagirri yb 0 % ID el v le tuohguorht eht htworg gats e saerehw eht tnemtaert icer e dev 20 % ID el v le ta tal e htworg egats (T9) evag 29. 41 ah/not blub dleiy . T eh dleiy tluser deniatbo f mor T 1 ( ortnoc l) dah ton yltnacifingis nereffid t htiw T9 ( 02 % ID ta tal e htworg egats ). ehT wol e ts blub dleiy ( .51 23 /not ha) saw r edroce d morf T3 hcihw eviecer d 40 % DI el v le hguorht o tu eht htworg egats s . W reta ytivitcudorp (WP) saw dnuof id f tneref gnidneped no level fo w ta re noitacilppa . T eh tsehgih WP 9.9 gk /m 3 was deniatbo morf T2 ( 02 % ID tuohguorht eht worg th segats ) dna ti has 59.1 m/gk 3 retaerg WP naht T1 (8 gk /m 3 ) taht tog f llu girri a noit . tnemtaerT (T9) sah eht sehgih t RRM ( 37631 2. %) naht lla srehto stnemtaert . Th si yduts stluser rifnoc m de taht htiw icifed t noitagirri tcarp sei , ti si elbissop ot esaercni WP yb gnivas retaw dna esaercni ocni me f mor ecracs noitagirri retaw . T ,erofereh ti nac be er c dednemmo t tah ppa l gniy noitagirri retaw a t 02 % DI fo CWR ta la et htworg egats (T9) in 4 yad s noitagirri lavretni si cifineb i la rof gniniatbo mumitpo O in on dleiy dna esasercni retaw ytivitcudorp taht irb n sg rehgih imonoce c ter nru rednu racs ce taw er noitidnoc . ehT sremraf ni ecracs retaw r cruose e aera dluoc osla be T desu 2 ( ID % 02 fo C ts htworg tuohguorht RW a eg s) noitpo sa m evas ot o r
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    PRACTICE OF CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING AND ITS IMPACT ON DELAY CLAIM ANALYSIS
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-23) SADAT AHMED ABDELA
    Construction schedules should sufficiently and accurately provide the necessary information to measure effect of a delay event on: succeeding activities, project duration and project cost. However, it was concluded that programs being submitted by contractors in the Ethiopian context don't assist to analyze delays. Performance of delay claims analysis in Ethiopian context is usually very low in terms of accuracy because analysis is little based on reliable and sufficient schedule information. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate practice and challenges of construction scheduling in view of delay analysis in Ethiopia, the impact on delay claim analysis and propose a scheduling framework to improve performance of DCA. In collecting data, survey questionnaire was delivered to purposively selected construction professionals and 155 complete responses were collected. The data was checked for construct validity, content validity and reliability. Mean scores of factors were calculated and one sample T-tests were performed to evaluate relative significance. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict impact of the scheduling practice factors and documentation of as￾built records on performance of delay claim analysis. Results of the study showed that the construction scheduling practice in Ethiopia is below satisfactory in providing accurate and sufficient information for delay analysis in all dimensions studied. Low Responsiveness of Contractors’ Top management to Schedules (1), Lack of Technical knowledge and skill of Scheduling (2), Absence of National Scheduling Standards (3) and Task of iteration in a resource constrained environment (4) were identified challenge factors of construction scheduling in Ethiopia. Task of iteration in a resource constrained environment was found the most challenging factor. Reliability of Schedule (1), Accuracy and Timely Communication of Update Schedules (2), Documentation of Old Schedules and the Schedule 1 2 basis (3) and Conciseness of Schedule (4) were identified as scheduling practice factors impacting delay claim analysis. Results of regression analysis showed that Documentation of as built records has the most prediction of the impact on delay analysis performance whereas Conciseness of Schedule has the least prediction. The regression model was significant with F (5,149) = 20.145, P < 0.001. A case study that confirmed results of the quantitative analysis was also conducted. Finally, a scheduling framework to improve performance of delay claim analysis was developed. The developed framework indicates roles of stakeholders in mitigating the impacting factors. The findings of this study are helpful to improve performance of DCA and the scheduling practice because it revealed the status of the practice, identified challenges to be tackled and provided a framework guide for improvement
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SANKO SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME AT BASKETO SPECIAL WOREDA IN SNNPR, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-12) MARKOS HABTEWOLD ADEBO
    This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Sanko small scale irrigation scheme at Basketo Special Woreda, South Nation Nationalities Peoples Regional states. The irrigation scheme includes command area of 120 ha and 600 beneficiaries. To achieve the objective of the study; primary and secondary data were collected. The irrigation scheme was evaluated using minimum sets of internal and external comparative performance indicators which include agricultural, water use, physical and economic performance indicators. In order to evaluate the irrigation water use efficiency of farmers at field level, nine farmer fields were selected from the irrigation scheme in relation to their location (from the head, middle and tail end water users).The internal performance indicators which include conveyance, application, storage, deep percolation ratio and overall irrigation efficiency were used to check the performance of the irrigation scheme. From the analyses of the internal performance indicators, the conveyance efficiencies was found to be 69.3% and application efficiencies were found to be 61.6%, 63.4% and 46.5% at head, middle and tail end part of the irrigation scheme respectively. Average field application efficiency through out of the Sanko irrigation scheme was 57.2%. A deep percolation ratio in the same order of the scheme was found to be 42.8% and Storage efficiencies of 78.5%. Generally overall scheme efficiency of Sanko irrigation scheme was 39.6%. From the evaluation of external comparative indicators, the outputs per cropped area were found as 84,706 Birr ha-1 , 220,690 Birr ha-1 and 69,686.4 Birr ha-1 at head, middle and tail end part of irrigation scheme respectively and the value of the outputs per command area of scheme was 15,003,276 Birr per command area. The output per unit irrigation supply of irrigation scheme was 13.5 Birr m-3 , 33.95 Birr m-3 and 22.12 Birr m-3 at head, middle and tail end part of the scheme respectively. The water use performance of the scheme, like relative water supply and relative irrigation supply were found as 1.28 which was the same since there was no rainfall during study period. The irrigation ratio of the Sanko irrigation scheme was found to be 1.00 which means 100% of command area was under irrigation and additional 25ha was on the construction during study period. Water delivery performance indicator which includes adequacy, efficiency, dependability, and equity from these measures only adequacy was fair and good at head and middle part of irrigation scheme according to standard values but all of other measures were poor according to standard values. In general, based on the evaluation carried out; Sanko irrigation scheme at middle part was performed better than upper head and lower part of the scheme. But there is still a room for improvement of the performance at all of the system level. Therefore to reduce over and under irrigate farmers should get awareness how to use, when to use and how much water used on their fields.
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) IN BENA TSEMAY WOREDA, SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-27) MEDHIN MADEBO MADA
    Scarcity of water is one of the major constraints for the development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, the effective use of available water by deficit irrigation is an alternative means to alleviate the problem and optimize the water productivity of crop in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation levels applied on yield, yield components and water productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The field experiment was carried out at Bena Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six irrigation treatments and three replications. The treatments were five water deficit irrigation levels (85%ETc, 75%ETc, 65%ETc, 55%ETc and 45%ETc) and full (100%ETc) as a control treatment. The result of analysis of variance showed that the different deficit irrigation levels applied had statistically significant (p < 0.01) effect on yield and yield component of sesame. Significant delay in flowering and maturity was observed as the water deficit level increased. The highest plant height, number of branch per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000-seed weight, aboveground biomass, harvest index and straw yield were observed under control treatment (100%ETc), while the lowest observed in 45%ETc treatment respectively. The maximum grain yield (2164.56 kg/ha) was observed under control (100%ETc), while the minimum (1377.37 kg/ha) was obtained from 45%ETc treatment level. From the mean result of grain yield it was observed that control treatment (100%ETc) significantly different from all treatments except treatment under 85%ETc. The highest water productivity (0.55kg/m3 ) was observed under 45%ETc, while the lowest (0.39 kg/m3 ) was at control treatment. From the result of study it was observed that the obtained yield response factor (Ky) was less than unity (Ky < 1), this indicates that sesame is tolerant to water stress. From the result of study it was observed that deficit irrigation under 75%ETc resulted in significant water saving and improved water productivity with insignificant yield reduction; therefore, sesame could be irrigated at 75%ETc in region with limited water resource condition
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    MPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RAINFED MAIZE PRODUCTION IN RIFT VALLEY LAKES BASINS OF ETHIOPIA; HAWASSA AS CASE STUDY
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-18) KINDE NEGESSA DISASA
    Agriculture is mainstay of Ethiopian economy. Developing country like Ethiopia suffers from effects of climate change, due to their limited economic capability to build irrigation projects to reduce climate change impact on crop production. This study evaluates climate change impact on rainfed maize production in rift valley lakes basins of Ethiopia. First, outputs of 15 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under two emission scenarios (SRA1B and SRB1) are statistically downscaled by using LARS-WG software. Probability assessment of bounded range with known distributions is used to deal with the uncertainties of GCMs’ outputs. These GCMs outputs are weighted by considering the ability of each model to simulate historical records. The study result indicates that LARS-WG 5.5 model is more uncertain to simulate future mean rainfall than generating maximum and minimum mean temperatures hereby GCMs weight difference for rainfall mean is 0.83 whereas weight difference for minimum and maximum mean temperatures is 0.09. AquaCrop, version 4 developed by FAO that simulates the crop yield response to water deficit conditions, is employed to assess potential rainfed maize production in the study area with and without climate change. The study results indicate minimum and maximum temperatures absolute increase in the range of 0.34 0 C to 0.580 C, 0.940 C to 1.80 C and 1.420 C to 3.20 C and 0.320 C to 0.560 C, 0.910 C to 1.80 C and 1.340 C to 3.0350 C respectively in the near-term (2020s), mid-term (2055s) and long-term (2090s) under both emission scenarios. The expected percentage change of rainfall during these three time periods considering this GCMs weight difference into account ranges from -2.3 to 7%, 0.375 to 15.83% and 2.625 to 31.1%. Maize yields are expected to increase with the range of 3.63% to 7%, 5.39% to 14.08%, and 6.83% to 15.61%, during the same time periods. Unlike many studies in the world this study result show that maize yield increased in coming three time periods under both emission scenarios. Due to rainfall increase with temperature increase maize yield is expected to increase in future for this study area by using only rainfall. In conclusion, the results indicate that climate change will respond positively to climate change impact on maize yield production for this district if all field management, soil fertility and crop variety improved; but since there is rainfall variability among the seasons planting date should be scheduled well to combat water stress on crops
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FIELD WATER APPLICATION ON FURROW IRRIGATION AT WONJI SHOA SUGAR ESTATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-22) TSIGE MOHAMMED AHMED
    Furrow irrigation is dominantly used method of surface irrigation in the large sugar cane irrigation projects in Ethiopia. This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of furrow irrigation with SIRMOD software by two point method and evaluate current performance of furrow irrigation system, identify the performance gaps and recommend means of performance improvement at Wonji Shoa Irrigation Estate. Three fields were selected according to soil type, furrow length and workability for measurement with field code 15, 52,108 which had furrow length of 64 m, 48 m and 32 m which was practice in the sugar estate. Different performance indicators were used to evaluate performance of furrow irrigation they were application efficiency, storage efficiency, application uniformity and deep percolation ratio. The estimated and simulation result obtained from the average application efficiency of the three selected fields (15, 52, and 108) were 74.42%, 41.19% and 64.12% and 74.39%, 50.20% and 75.18% respectively. The storage efficiency values for three selected fields were 100% for estimation and 99.11%, 99.67% and 99.65% for simulation respectively. The estimation and simulation average distribution uniformity of the three selected fields were 91.86%,90.78% and 89.86% and 92.44%,91.38% and 93.26% respectively and the deep percolation ratio for estimated and simulation were 25.35%,58.81% and 35.88% and 25.35%, 49.48% and 24.5 respectively . From the selected fields, filed 15 and 108 had better application efficiency with furrow length 64 and 32 respectively than the filed 52 with furrow length 48 m and the field 52 had low application efficiency and high deep percolation ratio. The result obtained from sensitivity analysis; discharge, cutoff time and length of furrow were highly sensitive to application efficiency and deep percolation ratio, whereas the slope of furrow had no effect on performance indicator in this study. The amount of water applied during irrigation event were more than the irrigation water required which indicates that large amount of water was being wasted due to poor irrigation water management practice. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that there were over irrigation problems
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    W YTIVITCUDORP DNA DLEIY ER S NOP SE FO NOINO DNU RE LLUF DNA ICIFED T NOITAGIRRI NI W RETA S ECRAC AERA , M OKERA ,ADEROW ET IPOIH A
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-11) KE ARD LA AW BELA UH SSEN
    F retaw si acs r ec in ynam strap fo ht e dlrow dna nimoceb g a labolg a .adneg erutlucirgA si eht tsegral gnoma s tce o sr hcihw era snoc u gnim eguh hserf retaw . ehT sevitcejbo fo siht duts y erew ot evorpmi larutlucirga retaw ytivitcudorp a dn etagitsevni eht dleiy esnopser fo noino porc ot retaw .ticifed ehT dohtem deyolpme pmocne a sess dleif tnemirepxe ni dezimodnar telpmoc e kcolb ngised ( BCR D) htiw nevele stnemtaert na d eerht .snoitacilper ehT stnemtaert :erew lluf noitagirri ( %0 ticifed sa lortnoc ), %52 fo CWR ticifed tuohguorht org wing %05,nosaes fo CW R ticifed tuohguorht worg i gn ,nosaes dna eno p doire ticifed stnemtaert (25% dna %05 fo CW R ticifed ta in laiti , ,tnempoleved dim dna etal s egat s). ehT xe p tnemire saw deirrac tuo ta okeram aderow nrehtuos .aipoihtE stluseR dewohs taht secnereffid ni rri i tag noi retaw tnuoma yltnacifingis tceffa yponac ,revoc blub dleiy dna a evob dnuorg ssamoib fo .noino ehT umixam m elbatekram dleiy saw ac deriuq morf ylluf detagirri tnemtaert (T1) w cih h si 39.91 ah/t dna ht e muminim elbatekram yi dle saw deniatbo morf 3T ( %05 of CWR cifed it guorht tuoh org w ni g osaes n) hcihw si 01 13. t/ .ah 01T ( %05 fo C WR de ticif ta im d egats ) wohs ed eht muminim sevrah t xedni ( 6.0 8) na d 4T dna 7T ( %52 fo CWR ticifed ta ni laiti dna etal segats itcepser ev yl ) ewohs d eht mumixam .xedni hT e tsewol IH i detacidn taht retaw ticifed ta dim ts ega sesuac hgih leiy d .noitcuder ehT ma umix m porc retaw dorp u ytivitc ( 9.4 8 m/gk 3 ) saw bo s vre ed ta 3T ( 05 % fo CW R ticifed tuohguorht worg i gn osaes n) dna eht muminim ( 22.3 m/gk 3 ) saw o devresb ta 01T (50% o f CWR ticifed ta dim ts age). ehT tsegral retaw gnivas htiw s tnacifingi dleiy noitcuder aw s deniatbo ta 3T .Y dlei esnopser rotcaf ( yk ) acidni t de taht noino saw evitisnes dleiy( uder ced) rof retaw sserts ta tnempoleved dna dim htworg st .sega %05 fo CWR d ticife ta eno doirep serts s stnemtaert dewohs k 1>y , hcihw setacidni eht s ne s ytiviti fo eht o noin porc f ro hgih retaw sserts . ehT cimonoce sisylana i detacidn taht eht ixam m mu lanigram etar fo nruter saw deniatbo ta T 11 (50% fo CWR d ticife ta eht etal gats e) htiw a ten emocni fo 077,801 ah/rrib dna a lanigram tar e fo nruter 9.2765 .% ehT r ,erofe 11T ( %05 fo CWR ticifed ta etal s egat ) is yllacimonoce lbaiv e metsys fo noino noitcudorp htiw ingis f tnaci etaw r gnivas dna fi sremraf ta siht latnemirepxe etis pa e