Water Resource

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/71

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Start date: 2021End date: 2021

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    RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum Aestivum L.) YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE STRESS LEVELS AT GEWANE WOREDA, AFAR REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-08-19) ZIYAD RUBE HAMID
    Enhancing water productivity of irrigated crops through Agricultural water management practices is a vital option in water scarce areas. Field experiment was conducted at demonstration site of Gewane Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College located in Gewane woreda, Afar region, Ethiopia. The objective of this research was aimed to identify optimum moisture stress levels for wheat under moisture stress area of Gewane woreda. Ten deficit irrigation levels namely (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 %ETc) and the control (100%ETc) irrigation water application were used in whole growing season of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Adopted wheat variety Fentale -2 was used as testing crop and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The daily climatic parameters used to estimate ETo were collected from Gewane meteorological station. Daily crop water requirement (ETc) was estimated by multiplying reference evapotranspiration with crop coefficient. Yield and yield components were collected and analyzed using SAS 9.0 statistical software. The analysis of variance showed that, the reduction of water application (moisture stress levels) had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on growth parameters, yield and yield components except on the number of tillers per square meter and harvesting index as compared to the full irrigation (100%ETc). The result also showed that, the grain yield reduced as the stress levels increased, whereas water use efficiency was increased as the stress levels increased. The highest grain yield of 4472.2 kg/ha was obtained from full irrigation( 100%ETc) which had no significant difference with irrigation water application up to 70%ETc. Whereas the lowest grain yield of 3475.7 kg/ha was recorded from 45%ETc. In terms of water use efficiency, the highest and lowest water use efficiency of 1.32 and 0.82 kg/m3 was obtained from 45 and 100%ETc respectively. Therefore, wheat could be irrigated at 70%ETc to improve water use efficiency without a significant grain yield reduction. Moreover, it could be irrigated at 45%ETc in area where water use efficiency is top priority with compromise of grain yield reduction by 22.28% as result of saved water to irrigate other crops
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    GIS-BASED SURFACE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MUGA WATERSHED EAST GOJAM ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-22) ZELALEM ABEZA
    Assessing available water and land for surface irrigation is important for planning their use. The high dependency on rain-fed farming and erratic rainfall require alternative ways of improving agricultural production. The alternative to improve is through development of small scale irrigation schemes by assessing the available suitable land and water resources in sub-basin level. The objective of this study was assessing the land and water resources potential of Muga watershed in East Gojjam Zone for surface irrigation development using Geographic Information System. Identification of suitable land, estimation of available river flow, and determination of irrigation water requirement were the main steps that were followed. The land irrigation suitability factors considered were: slope, soil, land use/land cover, and river proximity. Estimation of river flow in the six manually added outlets was conducted by simulation after calibration and validation were carried out with the observed flow of gauged river using Soil and water assessment tool. The commonly cultivated crops in the area maize, onion and potato were selected, and the irrigation water requirements of these crops were determined using the CROPWAT8.0 model. Comparison between gross irrigation water requirement of the selected crops for the identified suitable land with simulated river flow at the area of the selected site was carried out. Overall, the weighted overlay analysis of these factors gave a suitable land among river sub-basin as G/muga 560ha, E/muga 3057ha, Bora 670ha, Gibstawit 404ha, and Genet 241ha. Mean monthly flow of 11.4m3 /s were determined at the watershed. A total of 3443ha (5.1%) was found to be potentially suitable for the development of surface irrigation project from a total watershed area of 67535ha. In conclusion, the irrigation potential of the area could be increased either by harvesting rainwater or using groundwater.
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    THE WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS IN THE CASE OF BONOSHA TOWN SHASHOGO WOREDA HADIYA ZONE SNNPR
    (Hawassa University, 2021-12-24) TIMOTIWOS TUFA
    The main objectives of this study was to analyze water supply and demand of Bonosha town water distribution system. The supply part was assessed by collecting data of water source yield in town, which is located north of the town. The town has single water source, which has 4 l/s yield. To evaluate the demand of the town population, number of schools, churches, mosques, health institution, government office and restaurants are assessed. To analyze the existing water distribution system, the EPANET model was developed.The model used to identify the level of velocity through pipe and the zone of high and low pressure. The result of research shows that the non-domestic and domestic water supply coverage of the Bonosha town is 30%. This implies that there is high gap between demand and supply. In addition, from three years obtain data of production and consumption the average loss become 20.18%. Furthermore, the model analysis result shows that there significant problem of pressure and velocity in the system. The majority of junctions have negative pressure. This implies that user are not getting sufficient water. Moreover, the problem of Bonosha town water is insufficient yield, design problem and increasing population. The pump failure is one of major challenge in town
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    GIS BASED GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL MAPPING AND RECHARGE 1 ESTIMATION: A CASE STUDY IN MELKAODA WATERSHED RIFT VALLEY LAKES 2 BASIN, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-24) ADEM BUTA DEKEBO
    The groundwater potential zones of the Melkaoda Watershed were demarcated with the help of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The parameters that were considered for identifying the groundwater potential zone like geology, slope, drainage density, geomorphic units, and lineament density were generated from satellite data and they were then integrated with weighted overlay in ArcGIS. Suitable ranks were assigned for each category of these parameters and weight factors were decided for them based on their capability to store groundwater using AHP approach and then the groundwater potential zones were classified into four categories as very low, low, high & very high. In addition, the groundwater recharge was estimated with the help of the WetSpass model using water balance approach. The parameters considered for this case generally included three types: hydro-meteorological (rainfall, temperature, wind speed, PET, and GWD), bio-physical (soil, landuse, topography, and slope), and attribute lookup (soil lookup, landuse lookup, and rain day lookup) tables. All the hydro-meteorological parameters were interpolated in ArcGIS for grid map preparation of each parameter and the prepared grid map was converted to ASCII file format for the effective model run. The model performance was checked through calibration and the obtained groundwater recharge result ranges 0.45 to 65.5 mm/year with the mean value of 32.87 mm/years and 3.4% contributed to groundwater as recharge. finally, the changes in groundwater recharge between two simulation period was stated again with help of WetSpass model using the LULC images of 1989 and 2018 to quantify the impacts of the LULCC. The parameters used for this analysis were the same as those used for groundwater recharge estimation except for the satellite image of 1989 and the LULCC analysis depicted that there was the expansion of built-up land and agricultural land. Agricultural land and built-up land were increased by 0.046, 2.56 rate per a year from 1989 to 2018 respectively. This paper finalized that there was access to the groundwater potential in the Melkaoda Watershed and this could overcome the water scarcity challenging the community in and around the area. The recharge which has been the main source of groundwater is decreasing from time to time as the result of this paper is indicating. Thus, to get sustainable groundwater potential, the recharge has to be well treated by increasing groundwater recharge
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    STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF HAWASSA CITY, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-24) GIRMA YANE RIKIBA
    Intense rainfall and urbanization are the main factors that affect the storm drainage system. In addition to rainfall intensity and impermeable layers, system blockage by solid wastes is the common problem in Hawassa city. The study achieved the objective of storm water drainage system analysis of Hawassa city. To analyze the level of the problem models like Arc GIS10.2, Google earth Pro, Generalized Extreme Value distribution and rational method are used to delineate the drainage system, classify of the sub watershed, simulate the design rainfall depth and runoff volume estimation respectively. The peak discharge generated in 2002 was 54.45m3 /s. Due to both factors the peak discharge generated counts 102.80m3 /s in 2019. Following the drainage system networking capacity of 13drains (59.09%) exceeded by design discharge, 20(90.91%) by 25 years discharge and 21(95.45%) drains capacity exceeded by 100 years discharge that contributes to pedestrian mobility interruption, traffic congestion , chronic distress of asphalt road and environmental health problem due to over flooding. Communication between professionals responsible for storm water drainage system, collaboration of institutions such as water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management and infrastructure department should be maintained. SUDs measures such as sizing drain and retention pond strategies to cope with intense rainfall and urbanization impact on storm drainage system and environment were recommended.
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PERFORMANCE OF DURAME TOWN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2021-12-21) TESFAHUN MATHEWOS
    The research work was focused on the assessment of water supply distribution network performance of Durame Town, which is the Zonal Town of Kembata Tembaro Zone in Southern Nation Nationality People Regional State of Ethiopia. The main objective of this thesis was to assess Durame Town water supply system by analyzing water demand and supply, water distribution network, water losses and leakage management of the pipe system in the service. To examine the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network system, water GEMS modeling was adopted. The model was used to identify the zone of high pressure and low pressure in junctions and the level of velocity through pipe system. The model run was performed for average velocity, peak demand and low demand to analyze the system model. Furthermore the model analysis result shows different problems of aged pipes, oversized and undersized pipes, high pressure during night flow and low pressure during day flow. As per the analyzed results; the current maximum water demand in Durame town is estimated at 6392.304m 3 /day, while small reservoirs capacity and low pump efficiency were observed in the town water distribution networks and the maximum pressure occurred at night demand is 85m which is above the recommended value. Further, the analyzed water losses result in Durame Town indicates that about 32.58% of production is Non-Revenue Water. Thereby, apparent losses cover 1.76% of total loss and 30.81% were physical losses. Accordingly, for the case of Durame Town apparent losses are less significant, however physical losses contributed unconsidered volume of lost. In general, high demand of water, small capacities of existing infrastructures and large volume of water loss lead to intermittent water distribution in Durame Town. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the , water demand and supply system and providing more attention for the causes of water losses, and leakage management of the Town.
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    ANALYSIS OF HYDRUALIC PERFOMANCE OF ALETA WONDO TOWN WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-25) TEKA FETOSA JILO
    In many of the developing countries, the hydraulic and physical performance of water distribution network is inadequate to meet consumers’ demands that encounter significant losses in the system. Aleta-Wondo has been experiencing frequent and regular disruption of water supplies for days to a week. This study was conducted in Aleta-Wondo Town to analyze the existing water supply distribution system of the Town. Both primary and secondary data sources were used in this study. Primary data were collected though face-to-face interview with Aleta Wondo Water Supply Office experts, field observation. For secondary data collection, document review was used to collect valuable information. To analyze the data which is collected from different sources, both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Software applications tools called Origin8 WaterGEMSv8i and excel were used to analyze the data obtained from different source. The analysis shows that the current total domestic water demand in town was higher than supply, the water supply coverage was evaluated based level of connection per family and average per capita domestic water consumption was 14.11 l/c/day. Hence, this result indicates there is a gap between demand and supply in the year 2020. The average water loss in Town was 31%, showing that needs a matter of concern. None of the junctions had pressure bigger than 70 m. 65.21% of the junction water column recorded a pressure less than 15m water column due to high elevation. 34.79% of the Town has pressure within the optimum range of 15- 70 m water column and the highest or lowest velocity recorded was zero during steady state analysis. Velocity in some pipe parts was below 0.6 m/s during steady period simulation. Generally the result of the analysis shows that the overall hydraulic performance of the water distribution system of the Town was poor, which is reflected by low water production rate, low water consumption, and high level of non-revenue water, low service coverage, not pressure in permissible range. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the water distribution system capacities, establishing pressure zone, increase pumping rate and drilling additional borehole. In addition provision of more attention to water losses reduction policies and strategies are vital for remedial measures
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    MODELLING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON THE STREAM FLOW OF UPPER GUDER RIVER CATCHMENT USING SWAT, ABBAY BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-23) TAKELE DUFERA TASGARA
    Water resources are a critical component of any type of socio-economic development all over the world. Due to extensive agricultural practices, the LU/LC change was the cause of streamflow changes. The main objective of this research was to model the impact of landuse/land cover change on the streamflow of Upper Guder River Catchment using the SWAT model, by using meteorological data in the period between 1989 -2018. Upper Guder River Catchment was one of the catchment of the headwaters in the south Abbay Basin. In this study, the impact of LU/LC change was carried out by using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT2012) model, which was integrated with GIS10.3 software. GIS and ERDAS IMAGINE2014 were used to generate landuse/land cover maps from Landsat TM, TM, and ETM+ acquired in the years 1989, 2002, and 2018 respectively. The land cover maps were generated using the maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification. The classified maps were assessed using confusion metrics. The results of the analysis showed that the Agricultural land has expanded during the study period of 1989-2018. During the study period, forest land, and shrub and grassland decreased by 6.48% and 4.23% respectively while Agricultural land and Built-up area increased by 8.04% and 2.69% respectively. Using three land cover maps, three SWAT model setup were run to evaluate the impacts of landuse/land cover changes on the streamflow of the study catchment. The performance of the SWAT model was evaluated through sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation by using SWAT-CUP. Statistical measures like coefficients of determination and Nash–Sutcliffe were used to evaluate the model and it resulted in 0.84 and 0.74 for calibration and 0.83 and 0.72 for validation respectively. During the study periods, the simulation result indicated that streamflow increased in the wet season and short rainy season streamflow by 10.04% and 5.25% respectively, while decreasing by 6.60% in the dry season. The Surface Flow (SURQ) increased by 5.73% while Groundwater Flow (GWQ) decreased by 2.26% due to the increment of Agricultural land. The model results showed that the streamflow characteristics changed due to the landuse/land cover changes during the study period. The catchment was sensitive to past LU/LC change, so it needs an effective integrated participatory approach for catchment management.
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    ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LANDCOVER CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF KOLA RIVER WATERSHED, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-23) NIGUSU MULETA ETANA
    Landuse/land cover change is one of the major factors that affect the hydrological response of watersheds. Hence studying the impacts of past and future landuse/land cover changes on the hydrology of Watershed is very important for proper watershed management. This study investigated the past and potential future land cover changes and their impact on the hydrological response of the Kola River Watershed by using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT).To detect and analyze the change that had taken place in the study area, satellite images were downloaded for 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018 years and processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014. Then by using the supervised image classification technique, the satellite images were classified to agriculture, agroforestry, built up pasture, land, and forest landuse the land cover types. Then accuracy assessment was done, and overall accuracy of 87.83%, 88.41%, 89.15%, and 91.76%, was achieved for the classified images of 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018 respectively. The changes of landuse/land cover of the study area from 1988 to2018 indicated that Pastureland, Forest, and Agroforestry decreased by 69.55%, 40.86%, and 15.77%, while Agriculture, and Built-up, increased by 24.67%, and 23.9%, respectively. The future LULC of 2048 was projected by IDRISI (CA-Markov method) and the result indicated a continuous increase of Agriculture and Built-up areas as the other landuse land cover such as forest, pastureland and Agroforestry decreased. Model sensitivity analysis was made to choose the most sensitive parameters. Then, R2 and ENS achieved 0.87, 0.77 during calibration and 0.85, 0.74 for validation respectively. The model performance evaluation indicated that SWAT can be used for modeling the impact of historical and projected LULCC on the hydrological response of the study Watershed. As the investigation of 1988 to2018 shows, due to LULCC, the seasonal flow increased by 25.71%, 23.73%, and 19.96%in the first and, second rainy seasons, and short rainy season, while it decreased by 22.21% in the dry season respectively. The annual surface runoff and water yield increased and by 22.21%, and 3%, whereas evapotranspiration and lateral flow, decreased by, 6.21%, and 14.61% respectively. The future LULCC prediction of 2048 showed thatseasonal flow increased by 29.03%, and 28.08%, 14.6% in the first and second rainy season, and short rainy season and decreased by 19.3 in dry seasons. Generally, the investigation of hydrological response to LULCC by taking other data constantly at different predefined study years indicates LULCC has significant impacts on the hydrological response of the study watershed. Therefore to overcome the impact of LULCC, local and national policymakers should be invited to prepare and apply scientific and appropriate watershed planning and management, strategies in the Kola River Watershed
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    IMPACT OF LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE ON HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE: THE CASE OF DEME CATCHMENT, OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-24) MULUKEN ISRAEL BIRRU
    Hydrologic modeling was conducted for each LULC map in three time periods (1999, 2010, 2018) in the Deme catchment using the SWAT model. Changes in streamflow and its components between three simulations by using the LULC map of 1999, 2010, and 2018 were related to the changes of LULC to quantify the impact of LULCC. The data used for analyses were streamflow of Deme catchment, satellite imageries of 1999,2010, and 2018, Digital elevation model, and meteorological data. LULC classification was carried out by using ERDAS imagine2014. Five types of LULC were identified in the Deme watersheds such as agricultural land, grassland, bushland, built-up area, and forest. The LULCC analysis depicted that there was an expansion of agricultural land and the built-up area in the catchment. Agricultural land was increased by 29.96% and 36.78% from 1999-2010 and 2010 -2018 respectively. The built-up area was also increased by 80.41% and 148.47% during the first and the second period respectively. The other LULC classes showed a continuous decrement in all periods. The performance evaluation result depicted that the SWAT model can be used for the analysis of the impact of LULCC on streamflow of the Deme catchment. During calibration, the value for NSE, R2, and PBIAS was 0.80, 0.75, and -1.2 respectively. During validation, the value for NSE, R2, and PBIAS was 0.74, 0.70, and -7.3 respectively. The LULCC had impacted the magnitude of streamflow and its components. During the driest season, mean monthly streamflow has decreased by 16.71% and 37.81% during the first and second periods respectively. But in contrast during the wettest month, the mean monthly streamflow has increased by 12.79% and 25.16% during the first and second period respectively. The contribution of mean annual surface runoff increased by 11.63mm and 15.94mm from 1999- 2010 and 2010 to 2018 respectively. While lateral flow decreased by 6.47mm and 9.96mm in both periods. Similarly, shallow groundwater recharge decreased by 3.77mm and4.67mm during the first and second periods. The decrease in lateral flow and shallow groundwater recharge and increase in surface runoff was related to the expansion of agricultural land, and built-up area, as well as decrement of forest, bushland and grass land. Therefore, Deme watershed requires the application of appropriate watershed management options to minimize the undesirable impacts on water and land resources.