Water Resource

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    ASSESMENT OF CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL WATER SUPPLY: THE CASE OF GAMBELLA ZURIA WOREDA, GAMBELLA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-20) SELESHI MANAYE DERSEH
    Sustainability of water supplies is a key challenge both in terms of water resources and service delivery. Furthermore, it is the key to identify what enables a water scheme to remain operational over a long period of time. Consequently, the objective of this study was to identify the main challenges of sustainable rural water supply systems by evaluating and comparing functional and non-functional systems. The study was carried out in Gambella Zuria Woreda located in West of Gambella town, Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data sources were carefully examined. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were used to analyze the data. Score matrix, questionnaire, and focus group discussions were among the selected methods. Water quality testing was done to examine suitability of water sources. The result obtained from tested parameters indicated that except the pH and F values, all parameters values are out of the World health organizations (WHO) standards for drinking water. The parameter values were found to be in the range of pH (6.9- 8.0), Turbidity (2.21-15 NTU), EC (495 – 1123.00 μS/cm), TDS (230-1300 mg/L), TH (183-913.0 mg/L), Fe2+ (0.06-0.67 mg/L), Fluoride (0.11- 1.21mg/l), Ca2+ (5.3-78.00 mg/L) and Mg2+ (13-98.30 mg/L). Additionally, the overall quality of the groundwater low in the sampled sites of the study area and this situation needs urgent and strategic solutions. From this study all the water schemes non-sustainability problems are low water quality, lack of proper operation and maintenance, weak management which resulted in the Woreda’s inability to achieve full coverage of the rural population with safe water services. On the other hand, the finding of this research show that, 45% of functional water supply schemes and 23% of nonfunctional water supply schemes respondents said that the collected water tariff cover the operation and maintenance cost of water supply schemes, and 35% of functional water supply schemes and 86% of nonfunctional water supply schemes respondents responded have problem of ability to pay water tariff. Therefore, regular maintenance of water schemes, awareness creation of the water users, training of water point committees and follow up to the community by the water Bureau of the Wereda can be a better solution to solve the problem before it gets worse
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    HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND OPERATION OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES IN DAMOT GALE, WOLAITA ZONE IN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2024-07-23) MATEWOS ELTAMO ENARO
    Water is one of the most essential commodities of every living being in the world. Failure to maintain access to sufficient and clean water is one of the key problems in developing countries, including Ethiopia. The aim of the research is to analyse hydraulic performance evaluation and operation of water supply schemes in Damot gale Woreda, Wolaita Zone Southern Ethiopia Region. For conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected and tools such as Water GEMS, GIS and GPS were used. Water GEMS was used for evaluation of hydraulic performance of the schemes. Two sources show 13.33% of nodes were with pressure below allowable limit, 46.7% of nodes were with pressure with acceptable limit and 40.0% of nodes where with pressure greater than allowable limit. The head loss of the scheme shows that 17% of pipes were with head loss below allowable limit, 21.5% of pipes were with head loss with acceptable limit and 61.5% of pipes where with head loss greater than allowable limit. The analysis showed that average per capital domestic water consumption was 20.78 /c/day. Hence, this result indicates there is a big gap between demand and supply. Generally, the result of the analysis showed that, the overall hydraulic performance of water distribution of the study area was poor and, it is therefore significant to improve the water distribution system capacities, changing the diameter of the pipe to get the proper level of pressure and velocity. Among the total schemes 108, 25 schemes were non- functional and the rest 83 schemes were functional. The assessment result showed that 76.85% of schemes are functional. For instance, the rate of non-functionality of hand dug well was 80% and the main cause's non-functionality account 31.25% for yield (quantity). 28.57% of the respondent stated there is great problem of appropriate operation and maintenance, 28.57% of the respondent shows there is lack of post construction support, 19.05% replied is lack of appropriate and timely spare part. Beside 9.52% shows lack of accountability, transparency, financial skill and conflict management technique and finally 4.76% lack of developed rules for service. The driving factors for non-functionality were prioritized from top to bottom as; poor management, weak institutions, a shortage of spare parts, and a lack of funding respectively.