Water Resource

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    EVALUATION OF SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN WESHA SOYAMA VILLAGE IN SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-22) ABEL IYASU ANCHISO
    Field assessment to evaluate water use efficiency of small-scale irrigation projects plays a vital role in improving the existing projects and assist engineers in designing new systems so that irrigation practice becomes sustainable. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Wesha SSIS using internal and external performance indicators. This study used primary and secondary data for assessing the irrigation performance. The primary data collected includes field observation, soil samples to characterize the soil in terms of physical characteristics and discharge measurement at main and field canals. Secondary data collected were total yield, area irrigated, crop type, and climate data. CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to calculate ETo and the crop water requirement. The analysis of internal performance indicators showed that the conveyance, application, storage efficiencies, distribution uniformity, and overall irrigation efficiencies were calculated and the results were 66.43, 46.70, 96.02, 91.88 and 31.02% respectively. Since the overall scheme efficiency at the study area was 31.02%, which was very poor; which mean that irrigation water loss was very large indicating need for scheme improvement. The analysis of water related indicators such as RWS and RIS were found to be 1.35 and 1.14 respectively. Since the value of RWS and RIS is greater than one this implies that, there were sufficient relative irrigation supply and high relative water supply which was beyond the crop demand. This shows that it could irrigate additional farm land with this delivery amount and available effective rainfall in the study area. The value for WDC at the study area was found 1.08 this implies that, the river diversion infrastructure is capable of delivering the necessary peak water demand. Agricultural related indicators such as, the output per unit command area is 38,939.2 Birr/ha and output per unit irrigated area is 139,068.6 birr/ha. Water productivity indicators such as, Output per unit water consumed and Output per unit irrigation water supplied are 45.24 birr/m3 and 0.15 birr/m3 in Wesha SSIS respectively. Based on the results obtained can be concluded that the agriculture production indicators are found to be reasonable. The potential evapotranspiration of the study area, calculated using CROPWAT Model, is more than the effective rainfall in most of the months calling for supplemental irrigation. The effective rainfall is more than ETo by 10.96 mm/month during July; meaning that no irrigation is required during this month. Therefore, those farmers who grow crops on July are less likely to apply supplemental irrigation. On the other hand, extensive irrigation is essential for crops planted particularly on October, November, December, January, February, March, April, May (with 84.67, 96.9, 100.16, 82.86, 93.2, 85.15, 88.07 and 53.95 mm of irrigation water requirements, respectively). During the study period, on-site soil erosion, temporary water logging and illegal canal breaching are the observed major problems associated with the farmers’ irrigation practices. Weak operation and maintenance of the project is also witnessed. Since the current irrigable area is below the irrigable area at the initial period of the irrigation scheme, thus the project is not sustainable; due to the fact that SIA is much far from 100%. Settlement expansion is the major reason observed in the field as threat to the sustainability of the project
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF UDO WETATE IRRIGATION SCHEME FOR WHEAT PRODUCTION USING FURROW IRRIGATION METHOD; IN SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2024-07-27) HANA WULETAW
    Performance evaluation in irrigation systems plays a vital role in identifying the gaps and applying mitigation measures. The objective of the study was to undertake performance evaluation on winter wheat irrigation system of Udo Wetate irrigation scheme. For primary data collection field observations were conducted, discharge rates in the irrigation canals were measured, soil moisture content was determined, and the depth of water applied to the fields was also measured. For technical evaluation of the scheme using performance indicators, three sample plots were selected from the head, middle and tail-end of the main canal. The findings of this study revealed several performance issues with the Udo Wetate irrigation system. The irrigation water supply exceeded demand across all sample plots in February, ranging from 36.6% to 56.88% excess due to plot location and crop growth stage, but by March the supply only exceeded demand in two plots while falling short by 16.72% in the plot located at the canal tail, and by April crop water demands exceeded supply at all plots from 0.86% to 33% shortfall due to inadequate water application and conveyance losses. The conveyance efficiency was a major contributor to this inefficiency, with the main and tertiary canals having efficiencies of just 45.3% and 61.5% respectively. The mean field application efficiency was estimated to be 60.0%, which is considered good but had noticeable differences between plots due to different water application and relative location of plots from the source. The average storage efficiency was 50.8%, However, the distribution uniformity was 81.0%, indicating the irrigation water was fairly evenly distributed. Overall, the efficiency of the Udo Wetate irrigation scheme was found to be only 32.14% impacted by water management problems, insufficient water application, lack of awareness of crop water requirements, improper furrow design, and soil type, generally indicating moderate performance. Based on the results for this study non -proportionality of the irrigation water demand with supply, poor water delivery system, absence of frequent maintenance and management were problems strongly affecting the performance of the scheme. Therefore, it is suggested that frequent maintenance, giving training and applying a strong water delivery plan are required to mitigate this problem
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LAMO SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN TEMBARO WOREDA, KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-25) TIGABU TAMIRAT OTTORE
    The level of performance of irrigated farms is one of the most important issues that need to be addressed in Ethiopia where development of irrigation, in particular small-scale irrigation, is adopted as one of strategies to achieve food security. Lamo small-scale irrigation scheme operates under low level of performance due to poor water management and lack of timely maintenance of structures. The performance evaluation of Lamo small scale irrigation scheme was made by using internal performance indicators as a tool such as application efficiency, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity and deep percolation ratio. Six farmer’s plots located at head, middle and tail of the command area were selected and grown with two commonly grown vegetable crops in the command area viz, onion, and tomato. The average application efficiency, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity and deep percolation of the selected farmer's fields were found to be 48.12%, 81.90%, 79.80% and 51.88%, respectively. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the result indicated that inflow rate had significant effect (p<0.05) on different performance indicators (application efficiency, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity, and deep percolation ratio) at field level. Since farmers were using end-dyke furrow irrigation system, therefore no runoff was observed. The result of the study also showed that the irrigation water applied to farmers' fields (136mm) was much higher than the required depth to be applied per irrigation event. As a result, large amount of water was lost as deep percolation. Conveyance efficiencies of the main and secondary canals were found as 82.5% and 80.8%, respectively. Seepage losses of the main and secondary canals were found out as 16.70lit/sec/km and 14.70lit/sec/km, respectively. Operational and management, and status of physical structure of the scheme were analyzed using field observations and inventories. Moreover, poor irrigation management and operation of the scheme were identified as major problems at the study site
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    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CHANCHO SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-12-18) MATO ASFAW
    Performance evaluation of irrigation schemes helps to know the present status of the scheme and enables to employ possible measures for improvement. Efficient operation and management for irrigation system plays an important role in the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. This study was initiated to evaluate the performance of Chancho small-scale irrigation scheme using internal performance indicators. Primary data collected for this study include field discharge measurement and determination of soil physical properties in laboratory. Secondary data were collected from different sources. Internal performance indicators used in this study were efficiency parameters (conveyance, application, and storage), distribution uniformity, deep percolation loss, depth of irrigation and irrigation interval. The result of study showed that average conveyance efficiency MC and SC-1and SC-2 were 64.68, 64.1 and 65.4% respectively. Water distribution uniformity at the head, middle, and tail of the field were 72.6, 66.6, and 75.2% respectively. Application efficiency of head, middle and tail end of selected field were 49.3, 51.4 and 68.7% respectively. Water storage efficiencies of head, middle and tail end of selected fields were 83.4, 80.2 and 87.7% respectively. The result of the study showed that average over all conveyance efficiency, average application efficiency, scheme storage efficiency and average deep percolation loss were 65.1, 56.5, 83.7 and 43.5% respectively. The result of the study also showed that farmer’s application depth of irrigation water was lower than depth of irrigation water that would be required to fill root zone to field capacity. As result showed calculated irrigation intervals was greater than farmer adopted. The study showed that over all irrigation efficiency was relatively poor .Generally, overall performance of the scheme is considered as low. So it is important to adopt water management practices, frequent training of irrigation water user farmers and maintenance canal water conveyance system to achieve good performance of the scheme