Water Resource
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/71
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Item WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE AND QUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF SUPPLY (IN CASE OF HAWASSA TOWN)(Hawassa University, 2024-10-27) GUSSA BOLKAWater supply in distribution system is the key problems of water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water consumption has been increasing significantly in most towns due to increasing number of population and other factors. This study assess Hawassa town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply water coverage, water production, water consumption, distribution system water loss, water quality and operation and maintenance. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, some water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records and primary data were collected through field survey and structured checklist administered to the water consumers and key personnel of Hawassa Town Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprise ( HTWSSSE) . The existing water supply source of locations was analyzed using software ARC GIS Map version10.1 and the data from HTWSSSE and households were analyzed descriptive methods. As found out, Hawassa town water supply service could not meet water demands of the town with existing capacity. The total demand of the town for the year of 2022/23 is 90,388 m 3 /day but the production is 30,976.56 m3 /day which have only 30% coverage of the demand. Sufficient water scheme development that fulfills town demand is the major question to date. Even though there are a number of water sources in the area, chemical content is the main problem as confirmed during this work. The town situated in the rift valley where there is problem due to natural chemical content which undermines the quality of water. Assessment was made on all available ground and surface water sources to verify chemical content that can causes adverse effect on human health. In this regard, 24 samples were collected from all available sources in the town and nearby surroundings area of the town and tested in Hawassa Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Enterprise, Water Quality Laboratory. According to the test result, most of sources are safe for drinking purpose except calcium, magnesium a little bit higher or out range, however ,the bit increase do not cause adverse effect for human health and fluoride and iron which are more than admissible range of WHO but some sources have allowable range. On the other hand, all boreholes and rivers capacity measured during this work. The analysis of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs which have 10,400m3/day the recommended range was 27,116.4 m3 /day to 45,194.15 m3 /day , the results shows less than the recommended range, so the Hawassa city water scheme is not safe regarding to storage capacity. In conclusion, the town’s water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water access, operation and maintenance with the continuous generation of water from source continuously into balancing reservoir. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicate system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality serviceItem ASSESSEMENT OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY ADEQUACY AND EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY (THE CASE IN SHONE TOWN, HADIYA ZONE SNNPR STATE(Hawassa University, 2023-10-24) WAJANA SORSA BARATAThe importance of water to living things cannot be overemphasized. Providing adequate and sustainable water supply to the rapidly growing population in expanding and developing towns of Ethiopia is getting a challenge from time to time. The main objective of this study focuses on assessing water supply adequacy and evaluating hydraulic integrity through: analysis of water supply coverage, assessing water supply source, assessing system water loss, analysis of current & future water demands and evaluating hydraulic integrity of existing water distribution system by using WaterGEMS software simulation in Shone town, which is located at Hadiya zone, SNNP Regional State of Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were collected and used during study and analysis. The primary data collected includes existing pipes network GPS data and water pressure gauge readings from customer faucets. The secondary data collected includes existing water supply system information, type and number of existing mode of service, water production & consumption data, pump & BH data and financial transactions from customer billings. The methods employed during the study include, collecting and analyzing both primary and secondary data & tools used were GPS, Water GEMS Connect edition, ArcGIS 10.3, AutoCAD and statistical analysis. Based on this pipe networks were created, model developed and water GEMS simulation was conducted to test and analyze the hydraulic integrity of existing water distribution system. Accordingly, the total calculated average per capita domestic water consumption of the town for the year 2023 was 15.76 l/capita/day and the amount of water lost from system as non-revenue (NRW) was 106,963.16m3 (36%).The current year 2023 and future 2042 maximum day water demand of the town was 3899.27m3/d and 11615.11m3/d respectively but the amount of water supply from the source to the system is only 1267.20m3/d. After modeling & simulation in peak hours, the distribution system analysis showed that 25.58% of the junctions have above the maximum and 51.16% of the junctions have below the minimum operating pressure and 1.5% of the pipes have above the maximum and 43.28% of the pipes have below the minimum permissible velocity ranges respectively. Therefore, the calculated average per capita domestic water consumption only satisfies 26.27% compared to 60 l/c/d set by GTP-II of the country for category 3 urban town like Shone and the town is under sever conditions in water loss balance as compared to GTP-II target to minimize (<20%), moreover, the amount of water supplying to the system from source can only satisfies 32.51% for current and 10.91% for future demands in 2042. So this points out that availing supplemental water sources becomes the key gap to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The hydraulic analysis result of the system indicates, presence of various shortcomings to existing water supply system in terms of hydraulic integrity, these are oversized and undersized pipes, irregular flow velocity and low pressure (-22.25m H2O) and extremely high pressure values (108.96m H2O), low source water supply and improper pipe size. Moreover, performance of the model was evaluated using statistical evaluating tool. As the result, the value of coefficient of determination (R-value) in pressure calibration calculated was 0.998. Therefore, findings of this research is promised to help the stakeholders to intervene and take timely actions by upgrading the existing water supply system to meet the current and future water demand of the town.Item ASSESSEMENT OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY ADEQUACY AND EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY (THE CASE IN SHONE TOWN, HADIYA ZONE SNNPR STATE(Hawassa University, 2023-10-21) WAJANA SORSA BARATAimportance of water to living things cannot be overemphasized. Providing adequate and sustainable water supply to the rapidly growing population in expanding and developing towns of Ethiopia is getting a challenge from time to time. The main objective of this study focuses on assessing water supply adequacy and evaluating hydraulic integrity through: analysis of water supply coverage, assessing water supply source, assessing system water loss, analysis of current & future water demands and evaluating hydraulic integrity of existing water distribution system by using WaterGEMS software simulation in Shone town, which is located at Hadiya zone, SNNP Regional State of Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were collected and used during study and analysis. The primary data collected includes existing pipes network GPS data and water pressure gauge readings from customer faucets. The secondary data collected includes existing water supply system information, type and number of existing mode of service, water production & consumption data, pump & BH data and financial transactions from customer billings. The methods employed during the study include, collecting and analyzing both primary and secondary data & tools used were GPS, Water GEMS Connect edition, ArcGIS 10.3, AutoCAD and statistical analysis. Based on this pipe networks were created, model developed and water GEMS simulation was conducted to test and analyze the hydraulic integrity of existing water distribution system. Accordingly, the total calculated average per capita domestic water consumption of the town for the year 2023 was 15.76 l/capita/day and the amount of water lost from system as non-revenue (NRW) was 106,963.16m3 (36%).The current year 2023 and future 2042 maximum day water demand of the town was 3899.27m3/d and 11615.11m3/d respectively but the amount of water supply from the source to the system is only 1267.20m3/d. After modeling & simulation in peak hours, the distribution system analysis showed that 25.58% of the junctions have above the maximum and 51.16% of the junctions have below the minimum operating pressure and 1.5% of the pipes have above the maximum and 43.28% of the pipes have below the minimum permissible velocity ranges respectively. Therefore, the calculated average per capita domestic water consumption only satisfies 26.27% compared to 60 l/c/d set by GTP-II of the country for category 3 urban town like Shone and the town is under sever conditions in water loss balance as compared to GTP-II target to minimize (<20%), moreover, the amount of water supplying to the system from source can only satisfies 32.51% for current and 10.91% for future demands in 2042. So this points out that availing supplemental water sources becomes the key gap to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The hydraulic analysis result of the system indicates, presence of various shortcomings to existing water supply system in terms of hydraulic integrity, these are oversized and undersized pipes, irregular flow velocity and low pressure (-22.25m H2O) and extremely high pressure values (108.96m H2O), low source water supply and improper pipe size. Moreover, performance of the model was evaluated using statistical evaluating tool. As the result, the value of coefficient of determination (R-value) in pressure calibration calculated was 0.998. Therefore, findings of this research is promised to help the stakeholders to intervene and take timely actions by upgrading the existing water supply system to meet the current and future water demand of the town