Water Resource

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    ANALYSIS OF HYDRUALIC PERFOMANCE OF ALETA WONDO TOWN WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-25) TEKA FETOSA JILO
    In many of the developing countries, the hydraulic and physical performance of water distribution network is inadequate to meet consumers’ demands that encounter significant losses in the system. Aleta-Wondo has been experiencing frequent and regular disruption of water supplies for days to a week. This study was conducted in Aleta-Wondo Town to analyze the existing water supply distribution system of the Town. Both primary and secondary data sources were used in this study. Primary data were collected though face-to-face interview with Aleta Wondo Water Supply Office experts, field observation. For secondary data collection, document review was used to collect valuable information. To analyze the data which is collected from different sources, both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Software applications tools called Origin8 WaterGEMSv8i and excel were used to analyze the data obtained from different source. The analysis shows that the current total domestic water demand in town was higher than supply, the water supply coverage was evaluated based level of connection per family and average per capita domestic water consumption was 14.11 l/c/day. Hence, this result indicates there is a gap between demand and supply in the year 2020. The average water loss in Town was 31%, showing that needs a matter of concern. None of the junctions had pressure bigger than 70 m. 65.21% of the junction water column recorded a pressure less than 15m water column due to high elevation. 34.79% of the Town has pressure within the optimum range of 15- 70 m water column and the highest or lowest velocity recorded was zero during steady state analysis. Velocity in some pipe parts was below 0.6 m/s during steady period simulation. Generally the result of the analysis shows that the overall hydraulic performance of the water distribution system of the Town was poor, which is reflected by low water production rate, low water consumption, and high level of non-revenue water, low service coverage, not pressure in permissible range. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the water distribution system capacities, establishing pressure zone, increase pumping rate and drilling additional borehole. In addition provision of more attention to water losses reduction policies and strategies are vital for remedial measures
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    ASSESSMENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF ADOLA WAYOU TOWN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-21) SOLOMON SEYOUM DAMISSE
    Water distribution systems are designed to fulfill all requirements of water demand needed for decades. Initial system designs frequently consider any anticipated changes likely to happen. However, as times elapsed they slowly begin to fail to satisfy customer’ requirement; both in quantity and quality. This research was conducted by aiming to undertake the assessment of water distribution network of Adola Wayou Town for existing water distribution system which is located southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. The main objective of this research study was to investigate the states of the existing water distribution system by assessing water demand, and water production, hydraulic parameter analysis and water loss and the cause in the distribution system. The research depend on the secondary and primary data which was collected from design document, literature, journals and reports, field observation, interviews and discussion with water utility office to analysis water loss and the cause and water service coverage. The town water distribution network had been analyzed using computer model Water GEMs connected edition under both steady-state and extended period simulation for the present population scenarios. The simulation result of the model for maximum and minimum pressure and velocity was used as the base to analysis the hydraulic performance of the water network during peak hour consumption times and low consumption times. From the analysis result about 11.62% of the nodes have the negative pressure. Additionally, the model output results indicate that about 63 pipe in water network system has the velocity below minimum requirement of 0.6m/s during peak hour consumption time. The total domestic and non-domestic water demand of town was 3421.12m3 /day. From the water produced from the treatment source the non-revenue water in the town water system was considered as 31.93% of distributed water in distribution system. The actual/real water loss share large volume that accounts about, 312,545.2m 3 /year whereas the apparent loss 60,412.79m 3 /year. The finding of the study showed that the service coverage and average connection per family of the town were estimated in the order of 62.65% and 41% respectively. In general the result of the research study of water distribution network system indicates that Adola Wayou Town water utility office under current situation was inefficient. Accordingly it’s required to provide efficient and more reliable water system through pressure zoning, improving pipe size, and planning another water distribution system, giving more attention to water loss reduction police and strategies to reduce the waste actual/real and apparent loss
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    EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF AQUACROP MODEL IN SIMULATING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) CROP UNDER VARIOUS WATER LEVELS AT DEBRE BIRHAN, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2019-10-27) TSEGAYE GETACHEW MENGISTU
    Agricultural sector face the challenge to produce more yield with less water. In this regard, simulation models are basic tools in evaluating the effect of water on crop production. To address this need, FAO has developed yield responses to water model named AquaCrop, which simulates attainable yields of the major field and vegetable crops from their physiological and agronomic background perspective at farm level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the AquaCrop model performance on potato crop growth parameters under various water levels at Debre Birhan, Ethiopia. The AquaCrop is a user-friendly, easy to apply, accurate and robust model, and it addresses conditions where water is a key limiting factor for crop production. The experiment was arranged with Randomized Complete Block Design, with four replications under different water levels 100%, 85%, 70% and 55 % of crop water requirement of potato, which were simulated by the AquaCrop model. The results indicated that the simulated amount of irrigation water for 100% water level was 377.2 mm of water depth in growing season. The growth parameter and tuber yield were significant differences among the water levels at p < 0.05. The fresh potato tuber yield ranges from 35.25 ton/ha to 44.37 ton/ha was obtained in 55% and 100% water levels respectively. The water productivity ranges from 11.59 kg/m3 to 12.67 kg/m 3 was obtained in 100%and 55% water level respectively. Concerning its performance, the AquaCrop model simulated very well in the canopy cover, dry aboveground and tuber biomass and soil water content of the potato crop. The statistical indicators; Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Normalized Root mean square error (NRMSE) index of agreement (d) and Coefficient of determination (R 2 ) showed very well to excellent efficiency observed on dry aboveground and tuber biomass, there values were found to be in the ranges of 0.78 to 0.94, 35.50 to 16.30, 0.96 to 0.99 and 0.98 to 0.96 respectively. However, for soil water content before irrigation, which was found to be poor ranges 0.00 to -0.63, 10.2 to 10.8, 0.78 to 0.51, 0.45 to 0.03 were observed respectively.in the above order. From the results of the study can conclude in two scenarios: first, in case of water scarce area, it may be more profitable for a farmer to maximize crop water productivity instead of maximizing the harvest per unit of land. The saved water can be used to irrigate extra units of land. Second, in case of no water scarce area, it may be more profitable to maximize the yield harvest than crop water productivity. Under the first scenario farmers should adopt 70% of crop water requirement with a 10-days interval, which 16.65% saved water with 10.1% yield penalty over 100%. On the other hand, they should adopt 100% of crop water requirement within 10-days interval In the case of no water scarce area. The future studies shall consider various other stresses such as soil fertility and mulching