Water Resource

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    ANALYSIS OF HYDRUALIC PERFOMANCE OF ALETA WONDO TOWN WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-25) TEKA FETOSA JILO
    In many of the developing countries, the hydraulic and physical performance of water distribution network is inadequate to meet consumers’ demands that encounter significant losses in the system. Aleta-Wondo has been experiencing frequent and regular disruption of water supplies for days to a week. This study was conducted in Aleta-Wondo Town to analyze the existing water supply distribution system of the Town. Both primary and secondary data sources were used in this study. Primary data were collected though face-to-face interview with Aleta Wondo Water Supply Office experts, field observation. For secondary data collection, document review was used to collect valuable information. To analyze the data which is collected from different sources, both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Software applications tools called Origin8 WaterGEMSv8i and excel were used to analyze the data obtained from different source. The analysis shows that the current total domestic water demand in town was higher than supply, the water supply coverage was evaluated based level of connection per family and average per capita domestic water consumption was 14.11 l/c/day. Hence, this result indicates there is a gap between demand and supply in the year 2020. The average water loss in Town was 31%, showing that needs a matter of concern. None of the junctions had pressure bigger than 70 m. 65.21% of the junction water column recorded a pressure less than 15m water column due to high elevation. 34.79% of the Town has pressure within the optimum range of 15- 70 m water column and the highest or lowest velocity recorded was zero during steady state analysis. Velocity in some pipe parts was below 0.6 m/s during steady period simulation. Generally the result of the analysis shows that the overall hydraulic performance of the water distribution system of the Town was poor, which is reflected by low water production rate, low water consumption, and high level of non-revenue water, low service coverage, not pressure in permissible range. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the water distribution system capacities, establishing pressure zone, increase pumping rate and drilling additional borehole. In addition provision of more attention to water losses reduction policies and strategies are vital for remedial measures
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    ASSESSMENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF ADOLA WAYOU TOWN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-21) SOLOMON SEYOUM DAMISSE
    Water distribution systems are designed to fulfill all requirements of water demand needed for decades. Initial system designs frequently consider any anticipated changes likely to happen. However, as times elapsed they slowly begin to fail to satisfy customer’ requirement; both in quantity and quality. This research was conducted by aiming to undertake the assessment of water distribution network of Adola Wayou Town for existing water distribution system which is located southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. The main objective of this research study was to investigate the states of the existing water distribution system by assessing water demand, and water production, hydraulic parameter analysis and water loss and the cause in the distribution system. The research depend on the secondary and primary data which was collected from design document, literature, journals and reports, field observation, interviews and discussion with water utility office to analysis water loss and the cause and water service coverage. The town water distribution network had been analyzed using computer model Water GEMs connected edition under both steady-state and extended period simulation for the present population scenarios. The simulation result of the model for maximum and minimum pressure and velocity was used as the base to analysis the hydraulic performance of the water network during peak hour consumption times and low consumption times. From the analysis result about 11.62% of the nodes have the negative pressure. Additionally, the model output results indicate that about 63 pipe in water network system has the velocity below minimum requirement of 0.6m/s during peak hour consumption time. The total domestic and non-domestic water demand of town was 3421.12m3 /day. From the water produced from the treatment source the non-revenue water in the town water system was considered as 31.93% of distributed water in distribution system. The actual/real water loss share large volume that accounts about, 312,545.2m 3 /year whereas the apparent loss 60,412.79m 3 /year. The finding of the study showed that the service coverage and average connection per family of the town were estimated in the order of 62.65% and 41% respectively. In general the result of the research study of water distribution network system indicates that Adola Wayou Town water utility office under current situation was inefficient. Accordingly it’s required to provide efficient and more reliable water system through pressure zoning, improving pipe size, and planning another water distribution system, giving more attention to water loss reduction police and strategies to reduce the waste actual/real and apparent loss
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    SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY AND SCENARIO BASED DEMAND ASSESSMENT OF THE KELETA RIVER WATERSHED, AWASH RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2020-10-25) MEHIRET HONE FISHA
    The ever-increasing world population, changes in the living standard and consumption pattern, and the rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture exert a lot of pressure on water resources. Irrigation, the major water user, relies mostly on surface water from the Awash River and its tributaries and it is very important to assess surface water potential at this basin. This study was conducted at Keleta River Watershed, which is found in the Upper Awash River Basin of Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to assess the surface water availability and scenario-based water demand assessment in the Watershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) models. The SWAT and WEAP models were used to estimate the surface water availability and scenario base users’ water demands in Keleta River Watershed, respectively. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using observed streamflow data to get reliably predicted streamflow values. The model performance was evaluated employing two error indices called Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2 ). The results showed that the mean annual precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, and potential evapotranspiration were 831.1, 451.4, and 1180.4 mm, respectively in Keleta Watershed. The estimated surface runoff available from the entire catchment was 124.50 million cubic meters (MCM), which was equivalent to 165 mm depth of mean annual runoff. The assessment of water demand was done based on the current and projected future scenarios. The identified sectors of water users in the watershed were irrigation, livestock, domestic (rural and urban), public and industrial demands. The scenarios evaluated what would be the water demand if the population growth rate is 4% and the Irrigable area increases by 5% annually in the coming 25 years until 2045. The results showed that irrigation was found the highest water consumer among the demand sites whereas the lowest was observed in the public demand site, which consumed 42.22 and 0.63%, respectively from the total demand. The predicted water demand increases by 83.55% in 2045 while the unmet demand increases from the current volume of 0.25 MCM to 7.65 MCM due to the expansion of the irrigable area as compared to the reference scenario. Generally, the result indicated that the water demand as well as the unmet demand increases in the Kelata watershed. The study shows that the water demands in January, February, March, and April were found to be high as the supply was found to be low during the same months. This indicates the temporal variation of supply and demand in the Watershed. Water harvesting structure and groundwater development should be conducted to supplement this water deficit
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    ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER POTENTIAL AND DEMAND EVALUATION IN TEJI WATERSHED, UPPER AWASH RIVER SUB-BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-27) DEJENE SERBO BOKAN
    In Teji watershed the livelihoods of the dense population are confirmed on the river streamflow. The competition for water resources between water users has prominently led unbalanced water demand and a limited supply that resulted in serious conflicts between water users. The goal of this study was to assess the surface water potential and evaluate demands using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP). The 12.5 m x 12.5 m resolution DEM was used in watershed delineation and multiple slope classification and the 30 m x 30 m land use/cover, soil data, were used to hydrologic response unit classification. The watershed divided into 9 sub-basins, and 123 hydrological response units were identified. The model was calibrated with 2000-2010 data and twelve most sensitive flow parameters which gave very good correlation between observed and simulated streamflow with statistical criteria Coefficient of determination (R2=0.81), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE=0.81) and Percent BIAS (PBias=+1.6). The model validation was carried out for the year 2011-2016 data and the model performance was resulted very good correlations between observed and simulated streamflow. The performance criterial of the model, R2, NSE and PBias were 0.77, 0.78 and +2.3 respectively. The mean annual water balance were simulated with a mean precipitation of 1039.30mm. Surface runoff, lateral flow, and groundwater flow were 198.63 mm (19 %), 28.78 mm (2.8%), and 17.53 mm (1.9%), respectively. The mean evaporation losses of the area were estimated as 461.40 mm which accounting for 44.34% of the mean annual water budget. The mean annual surface runoff of the watershed was 130.25 MCM. WEAP model was run to evaluate the current and future water demand under four different scenarios. At the current account year (2021) about 43.22 MCM of water was required for all water demands. The future water demand evaluation shows water supply deficit in all developed scenarios. Scenarios show that in each water demands there would be both monthly and annually unmet water demands. However, the absolute deficits were varied between scenarios.
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    TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE: A CASE OF BESHENO RURAL TOWN, WERA DIJO WOREDA, HALABA ZONE, CENTERAL ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2025-10-10) TARIKU ABEBE ASFAW
    Drinking water is the most fundamental requirement for survival, every citizen of the country has the right to obtain it. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the technical analysis of water distribution system of Besheno rural town and assessment coverage of water supply. In this study, both secondary and primary data source were employed. Furthermore, to analyze the distribution system, a model was created using Water GEMS software. The analysis shows that the current total domestic water demand in town was 244.08 m 3 /day, the water supply coverage was 30 % and average per capital domestic water consumption was 12 l/c/day. Hence, this result indicates there is a gap between demand and supply. Using performance indicators including pressure, velocity, and head loss inside the water supply systems, the hydraulic efficiency of the supply system for water was assessed while the network of distribution was in operation. The result indicated that, 100% of the nodes are within acceptable range between (15m to 70m) for the existing distribution system of Besheno rural town. However, 64.74% of the nodes are within acceptable range between (15m to 70m), 25.81% of the nodes are above acceptable range (70m) and 6.45% of the nodes fall below acceptable range (15m) for the transmission mains and rural kebeles. According to the results of hydraulic performance analysis, 94% of the pipes in the research area have velocities below the recommended minimum velocity. 6% of the pipes within the current distribution system for water supply had velocities ranging from 0.6 m/s to 2 m/s. The head loss analysis shows that, 79% of the pipes are below the recommended minimum head loss range of 1m/km, and 15% are within the recommended head loss range (1 to 5m/km) and the rest of pipes, 5% head loss are above the recommend range. Generally, the result of the analysis showed that, the overall hydraulic performance of water distribution of the town was poor and, it is therefore significant to improve the water distribution system capacities, changing the diameter of the pipe to get the proper level of pressure and velocity. Drilling new boreholes sources and building additional service reservoir, to narrow the gap between supply and demand in water supply system. Water quality physicochemical test findings revealed that the fluoride concentration of boreholes exceeded than the Ethiopian standard and WHO recommendation. Thus, the community's water is treated before use