The School of Governance and Development Studies
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/184
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Item THE ROLE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS IN EMPOWRING FEMALEACADEMIC STAFF IN ETHIOPIA HIGHER INSTITUTIONS: THE CASE OF WOLLO UNIVERSITY.(2021-06) EHITE HAILEMARIAM WOLLEThe study was intended to assess the Roleof affirmative actionin empowering female academic staff in selected colleges ofWollo University.This study adapted descriptive research and employed both qualitative research methodologies. The research has been carried out in Wollo University, focusing on four colleges suchas Social Science and Humanity, Business and Economics, Natural Science and Engineering Technology from each college four departments were selected randomly. Number of instructors from each selected department also selected randomly. Totally 80 female instructors were included in the study. Questionnaire, key informant interview, document review and focused group discussion (FGD) were used to gather data.Data analyzed was made bydescriptive statistics, frequency and percentage. Those were analyzed by using SPSS Software Data regarding the necessary of affirmative action the findings reviled that almost all(100%) ofrespondents stated that affirmative action program is very vital for female. Data concerning onchallenges that affect the implementation of affirmative action the finding shows that, 38% of respondents responded that lack of appropriate bodies or leaders is one of the challenges for ineffectiveness of affirmative action. In relation with the interest of female academic staffs to be a leader the great majority (97.5%) of respondents were not interested.The impact of lack of interests of female academic staff to come in leadership area affects the developmentof the society and the countryat large in getting role model for the coming generation. It is recommended that concerned bodies give close attention, motivate and solve challenges that limit their participation in leadership area and those concerned bodies should work together in order to implement affirmative action effectively. Key words:Item MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN WOLKITE TOWN, GURAGE ZONE, SNNPRS(2020-06) DIGAFENEH KIFLE WOLDESolid waste management (SWM) is the collection, transfer and disposal of all non-liquid and nongaseous solid materials from residential, commercial, institutional, construction, demolishing and street sweeping. Most civilized countries recognize the importance of solid waste management as it has socioeconomic, environmental and health values. However, developing countries like Ethiopia have low consciousness and limited involvements in SWM. Based on this premises, this study is aimed to assess the SWM practices of the municipality in Wolkite town in southern Ethiopia. Descriptive research design with mixed research approach was employed in the study. Totally, 316 sample households were involved in household survey, while, other key informants from the municipality, health institutions and local community were involved in in-depth interview and FGD. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that was complemented by narration of qualitative data obtained from interview & FGDs. The finding of the study indicates that almost all of the households have temporary storage for solid wastes at their home. However, most of the households didn’t store wastes separately based on the nature of the wastes. Disposing solid wastes in illegal sites is highly practiced most households. Factors like: limited awareness on solid waste management, inconsistent solid waste collection services by the municipality, in adequacy and inefficiency of the private solid waste collectors, poor coordination of governmental organizations and the private sectors in SWM. Furthermore, shortage of solid waste disposing containers and trucks in the municipality, financial constraints, inadequate human power to engage in SWM, lack of proper implementations of rules and regulations and lack of decentralized SWM services of the municipality are also among the bottlenecks that challenged the SWM practices in Wolkite town. In order to curb the challenge on SWM, concerned stakeholders should jointly work. Moreover, the municipality should carry out all the facilities for effective and efficient SWM in the town.Item ANALYSIS ON THE INCIDENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: THE CASE OF DURAME TOWN, KAMBATA TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA(2019-02) DESALEGN LIRANSO DAEMOPoverty is a complex and multidimensional social problem in the world including Ethiopia. It has been a long time that the attention of the international community is drawn to alleviate it. However, poverty is still continued to be a challenge for global community. Recently, poverty is becoming a typical urban phenomenon due to rapid urbanization particularly in developing countries. Various factors could determine the incidence and extent of household poverty in urban areas. Studies that identified factors that determine the level and extent of urban household poverty particularly in small and medium towns were not adequate. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the incidence and determinants of urban household poverty in Durame town with the specific objectives of measuring the incidence and extent of urban poverty using consumption expenditure approach, analyzing the determinants of urban household poverty, assessing the role of GOs and NGOs in reducing urban poverty and identifying the possible opportunities that enable reduce poverty in the study area. In order to attain these objectives, 227 sample households were selected using systematic random sampling method from two kebeles of the study town. Primary data was collected from the sample households using survey questionnaire. Key informant interview and FGD were also conducted as planned and these data were used qualitatively to substantiate the findings. Poor and non-poor households were identified by using preset poverty line of birr 5142.16 for the study area. Consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per year was computed against the predetermined poverty line to categorize poor and non-poor households. FGT method was employed to identify indices of incidence, gap and severity of poverty. The results revealed that about 29.9 % of the sample households’ fall below poverty line with 5.9% and 2% poverty gap and severity respectively. Econometric results of binary logistic regression model demonstrated that sex and household size were found to be statistically significant determinants of poverty and have strong positive association with poverty status of urban household whereas education, income, access to safe water and electric energy were associated negatively with poverty status of the urban household at statistically significant level at 1 percent. The remaining predictor variables revealed as positively associated except credit which is negatively associated with poverty status of the household at statistically insignificant level. The findings of the study confirmed that the role of GOs and NGOs is not significant except providing some school materials for few poor households by some religious institutions. The GOs projects were mainly focused on upgrading urban infrastructure and social protection activities were not yet practical. As it was common elsewhere, the focus of NGOs is mainly rural than urban in the study area. As poverty incidence is higher in the study area, it requires greater attention to design pro poor projects to improve the living condition of poor urban households. Emphasis should be given to family planning strategies as the average household size is larger in the study area. In addition, adequate effort should be needed to improve the accessibility of safe drinking water and electric energy to poor households without which escaping poverty is difficult for urban households.Item PRACTICES ND CHALLENGES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN RENDERING CLEAN WATER SERVICES IN THE CASE OF BODITTI TOWN, WOLAITA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA(2021-05) DEREJE SATA SAWOREThe purpose of this study was to investigate the practices and challenges of Good governance in rendering Clean water services in Boditti Town wolaita, zone. For this study the descriptive survey research design was employed. For the study Boditti town was selected through purposive sampling technique due to its population expansion with low provision of clean water. From the town the two sampled kebeles selected based on their high number households and intensity of problems in clean water services. Using purposive sampling from two kebels 55 households selected proportionally for data collection. In with the questionnaire was used as main tools of data collection and interview as used to triangulate data gathered through questionnaire. Observation and document analysis also part of data collection techniques. using the descriptive survey design the qualitative data was also analyzed. In order to analyses data 55 sample sized households from two kebele selected purposively. Using Slovene formula the qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive study. The study revealed that government lacks, transparency, accountability, fairness lack response to household’s questions and lack awareness creation in clean water services. The government has to give more attention to household’s regarding clean water questions. The study concluded with, the recommendation that the government and households have to make cooperative efforts in all aspects of clean water services.In this discussion was conducted in Amharic according to the group circumstances. The researcher did a lot of clarification and probing to get more information in the course of discussion. Researcher believed that, the information collected through focuses group discussion, helped to evaluate how the challenges of good governance and its impacts on clean water provision. The focuses group discussion in the study involved respondents from each kebele male and female with equal in number through voluntary. The participants of focus group discussion selected through purposive sampled techniques considering their education, perception, age and elder of the town.From this the researcher selected two male and two female from each kebele totally eight from two kebeles considering their education, perception, age and elder of the town.Item MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF TREES PLANTED THROUGH GOVERNMENT INITIATED CAMPAIGNS IN ETHIOPIA SINCE 2016: THE CASE OF SELECTED AFFORESTED SITES IN HAWASSA ZURIYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION.(2020-05) BEREKET KEAThis thesis was conducted with the main objective of assessing management practices of trees planted through government initiated campaigns in Ethiopia since 2016: the case of selected afforested sites in Hawassa Zuriya Woreda, Sidama Region. For achieving the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data were generated by employing qualitative and quantitative methods. Purposive and systematic random sampling procedures were applied to select two kebeles and 118 sample households respectively. The quantitative data was analyzed using in descriptive statistic like: frequency and percentage, where data is depicted in tables. Moreover, the qualitative data was analyzed using narration and descriptions that was used to authenticate the study. The results of the study showed that, the new government policy of campaigned tree plantation was not put clear demarcation of who to manage forests in the kebeles level. It didn’t sufficiently consider endogenous knowledge of community forest management, which could help the forest management work easy. Even-though, the communities have their own indigenous knowledge and have awareness about the benefits of forests for their livelihood in local and environmental changes in globally, there are unclear land tenure policy ,lack of participatory forest management approaches, lack of supporting sufficient budget and low participation of gender issues in the forest management. It was recommended to improve forest management that; encourage forest management through community control system, allocate sufficient budget for forest management, making awareness for the community about environmental changes and its effects, expand indigenous knowledge of community based forest management system and implementing forest protection laws for those who violates forest laws.Item CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL HERITAGES FOR IMAGE BUILDING: REVIEWING THE ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE(2020-06) Belete Sisay TekieTourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. So, the main purpose of this study was to assess the “Contribution of Historical Heritages for Image Building: Reviewing the Ethiopian experience. The design of the study was descriptive and has employed qualitative research approaches. The data collection instruments were interview and document analysis. Interview was conducted with Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Heritage Study and Conservation Bureau, office of tourism Ethiopia, Ethiopian tour operator association and from various private tour operators by using purposive sampling technique. Thematic data analysis was used by linking interview results with document analysis. The finding of the study shows tourism industry in general, historical heritages in particular have crucial role for image building, branding, economic development and expansion of investment, poverty and unemployment reduction. Even though, tourism industry is the backbone for socio-economic development of the country, in Ethiopia tourism development is at infant stage. Utilization of historical heritages for image building, branding, image managements and for other socio-economic development is weak. The finding also shows the challenges that hinder to enhance image building, branding and image management via historical heritages. This includes internal and external challenges. Internally, there is lack of infrastructure such as transportation, internet, water supplication, electricity and lack of quality services like hotel, restaurants, entertainment services, bus, access to clean toilets, absence of peace and security and lack of awareness in the community. Externally, Ethiopia‟s image on the international scene is widely associated with draught, famine and war and the Horn of Africa seen as a region of instability and hub of terrorism. So, the finding recommends that the government must fulfill various infrastructures and quality services in the destination sites, stakeholders should develop the habits of working together and cooperation to foster tourism industry and Ethiopian government should realize the existence of peace and security in different parts of the region. In general, even if the country has many tangible heritages its performance of branding, image building and using it for economic development is found at low level.Item CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TEMBARO WOREDA, KAMEBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA(2020-06) ATINKUT ABEBEThe purpose of this study was to assess challenges of community participation in local development at selected kebele of Tembaro woreda. Descriptive research design was used. Qualitative and quantitative approaches of research were employed. Both primary and secondary source of data were used. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select respondents. Data were collected by using survey questionnaire from 184 sample community respondents, interview conducted with selected government officials and kebele administrators, FGDs held with selected community representatives. A descriptive method was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings shows that challenges of appropriate awareness creation, absence of convincing community mobilizing approach, absence of all inclusive participatory approach, over reporting of few development success, weak institutional frame work, gender discrimination, illiteracy, low social cooperation and low personal income are some of major challenges that greatly hampered active community participation in development program that result on poor community involvement at grass root level. As result of low level of community participation, most of local development decisions were passed based on small unrepresentative interest group and local leaders interest and also several community based local development programs were failed to be implemented. Thus it is recommended that local government authority should strengthen its institutional capacity, enhance community awareness creation on community participation and its importance, develop convincing community mobilizing approach, develop culture of all inclusive participatory problem identification and decision making, and regularly aware community on social and cultural obstacles in order to enhance community participation on development program at grass root level. And also all community members should voluntarily work in collaboration with local government authority and others development actors to make local development program successful and sustainable.Item POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND ITS SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS: THE CASE OF MEJO TOWN ARORESSA DISTRICT, SIDAMA SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(2020) ASSEFA ADMASU DEBESSAAdequate supply of potable water helps for social and economic development and its accessibility and availability with good quality contributes for improved public health and better living standards. However, providing potable water is a serious challenge of the 21st century in developing countries. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess potable domestic water supply and its socio-economic implications in Mejo town, Sidama Southern Ethiopia. This is descriptive cross-sectional study with mixed research approach. Systematic random and purposive sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data was collected from a total of 297 respondents and from primary source using the survey questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview and analyzed using SPSS V23 software and Ms-Excel. Results were presented in tables, bar graphs, pie-charts, means and standard deviations, t test and ANOVA. About 31.6% of respondents use the hand-dug well water sources. The overall average water demand and consumptions were 217.7(±8.86SD) and 116.08(±8.79SD) liters per a day to household level respectively and is not coincides with each other. The average of individual water demand and consumptions were 31.1 and 16.58 liters per a day per person respectively, which is below to recommend by the WHO. About 52.9% and 68% of respondents stated the location of water as inconvenient to fetch and the status of the town potable water supply was inadequate, respectively. About 40.7% and 39.4% of water collectors were housewives and school-age female children, respectively. About 85.9% of respondents described the insufficiency of daily piped water access. About 92.6% and 54.2% of respondents stated that as they faced serious challenge in water supply and for drinking water, respectively. Then, 70.4% and 60.9% stated that as water supply shortage put in high social and economic impact, respectively. About 62% stated government as responsible body for sustaining potable water supply. In general, the access of potable domestic water supply was poor, there were serious challenges for water supply, and water supply shortages are associated with high social and economic impact. Therefore, government and concerned body should work to supply potable water, try to minimized challenges through building institutional capacity, providing finance and diversifying water source. In addition, the District inter-sectoral collaboration is the necessary action to be taken in order to minimize the social and economic impact of water supply shortage. Key words: potable domestic water, supply, socio-economic, Mejo Sidama, EthiopiaItem THE PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES OF CUSTOMARY CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN RURAL LAND DISPUTES: THE CASE OF BAHIR DAR ZURIA WOREDA, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(2020) ASMARE SHETAHUN ALEMNEHThe objective of the paper is to assess the practices and challenges of customary conflict resolution mechanisms in rural land dispute resolution in Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda of Wojer, Feresewoga, and Tentakerkose, Sebatamite, and Lejome kebeles. To achieve the objectives, the study has employed qualitative research approach with case study research design by using primary and secondary sources of data. Data were collected using focus group discussion, interviews, and non-participatory observation; and relevant literatures and documents are reviewed. Key informants and FGD participants were selected based on purposive and snowball sampling methods. Purposive sampling used to select informants on the basis of their knowledge, and experience in the community about the issue in this study. Snowball sampling also used to select informants having better experience on issue studied. The total number of informants participated in this study were 61. The data were analyzed qualitatively through the use of thematic analysis. It is found that rural land disputes were instigated due to various factors like the increases in population number, scarcity of farm land, poverty, the increase in rural land value, and weak rural land administration system were the indirect causes of rural land disputes and manifested in the forms of boundary disputes, inheritances disputes, transfer of land disputes, access, and ownership disputes. The findings of this study also indicated that shimglina customary conflict resolution mechanisms played great role in land dispute resolution. The strengths of shimglina in which, people prefer it over the formal legal system were, in terms of time, resource, accessibility, and restoring the broken peaceful interaction. The study revealed that shimglina faced many challenges that hinder its effectiveness in the resolution of land disputes. Unless the underlying challenges of shimglina are not solved, the effectiveness of the mechanism in the resolution of land dispute is difficult. The absence of clear legal and policy framework in the practices of shimglina in rural land disputes, lack of attention to shimglina by the government, the absence of strong enforcement mechanism, the influence and intervention of the government and politicization of shimglina are the major challenges in the practices of shimglina in rural land disputes resolution. The government should give attention to shimglina in rural land disputes for peaceful co-existence and community solidarity.Item CHILD RULAR- URBAN MIGRATION: A CASE STUDY IN KUCHA WOREDA GOMO ZONE SNNPR ETHIOPIA(2020-06) ALEMU HUMBOChild rural-urban migration is tied with economic and non-economic factors. Thus, this study aimed to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and migrant sending families; to identify the push and pull factors of migration and to assess the perceptions of migrant sending families towards child migration. A total of 178 participants in the study were selected by applying simple random sampling technique and purposively. In order to attain the proposed objectives instruments like questionnaire, key informants interview and FGDs were employed. To analyze the collected data both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. More specifically, quantitative data analyzed by using descriptive statistics with the help of the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and Microsoft office Excel 2007 whereas the qualitative data analyzed by narration(discussion).That of study specifically aims to review cause and consequences of rural-urban migration in Ethiopia. Environmental backwardness in the study area that ,Shortage of infrastructure, Family size, lower agricultural productivity, inadequate social services, demographic pressure, land shortages in rural areas were identified as the major push factors of migration. Although “push” factors predominate, there are some significant “pull” factors that attract rural children to urban areas like extreme poverty, lack of youth employment opportunities, inaccessibility of infrastructures like road and general secondary school, shortage of land, large family size and missed information about jobs, its payments and life styles at destination found to be the major push factors for migration. On the other hand, presence of better job opportunities in informal sectors, an ambition of migrants to live a better life and the influence of preceding migrants for instance migrants wearing styles, hair styles, walking and talking styles, mobile phones, bags etc. to be identified as the major pull factors for migration. The study area found to be important for child rural-urban migration. Also the study reveals that about 164(51.25)percent of migrants were found between the age ranges of 16and 18 years and the rate of migration was high in both sexes and the proportion of male migrant‟s slightly higher than females and females migrated in their earlier ages than males. Moreover, the vast majority of migrants were single and literate. However the study was also revealed that the majority of participants in the study area have positive perceptions towards child-rural-urban migration because by the belief that migrants would get different opportunities at destinations.