LLM in Criminal Justice

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    TRIAL BY MEDIA THROUGH PREJUDICIAL REPORTING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
    (2023-10) FUAD ABDUREHIM HUSEIN
    The current era sees a transformation in news publication due to extensive TV, and cable use. This, under the guise of freedom of expression, could prejudice suspects, accused, witnesses, and judges. Consequently, this could impact the administration of justice. This thesis aims to explore the driving forces necessitating a criminal justice administration capable of safeguarding fair trial rights against ‘trial by media’. The concept can be traced back to discussions balancing freedom of speech and expression, as asserted by the media, and the right to a fair trial, as upheld by the judiciary. The study employs a qualitative research approach featuring both doctrinal and non-doctrinal aspects. It examines the Ethiopian criminal justice system’s legal framework, documentary films, press statement analyses, and interviews with legal professionals from the former Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Hawassa City High Court. The findings show that the Ethiopian Constitution does not limit freedom of expression and press to administer justice or protect fair trial rights. Moreover, ‘trial by media’ publications are not addressed in the Ethiopian criminal justice system. The Criminal Code of Ethiopia’s contempt of court law is ineffective in mitigating media trials’ impact. Media proclamations lack significant protections for an accused fair trial rights against media trials. Case studies on press statements released by then attorney generals, an analysis of the documentary film entitled Minabawi (illusion), and interviews with legal professionals indicate that trial by media is practiced in the Ethiopian criminal justice system. The researcher concludes, despite existing legal frameworks addressing some issues related to trial by media, the legal frameworks are not resembles adequate and effective in guaranteeing judicial proceedings and fair trial rights of the accused against the influence of trial by media. Therefore, prejudicial reporting by media trials is practiced. Given the legal and practical problems associated with this issue, this thesis proposes potential recommendations, through legislative adjustments and practices.
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    CAUSE OF DELAY IN CRIME INVESTIGATION AND THEIR IMPLICATION ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL OF SUSPECT: THE CASE OF BURAYU TOWN, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
    (2023-10) FIKIRU SHIBIRU TEREFE
    The right to a speedy trial is fundamental constitutional right and the extension of crime investigation beyond a reasonable duration, undermines this principle and adversely impact this right of the accused. While it is unrealistic to expect an overnight resolution of every crime investigation, challenges arise when the actual duration of an investigation far surpasses its expected timeframe. This is when researchers label it as a delay in crime investigation. Accordingly, this research aims to identify the cause of delay in crime investigation and their implication on the enforcement of the right to speedy trial of suspect focusing in Burayu Town. It also seeks to discuss the importance of upholding the constitutional rights of suspects to fair and effective investigations in ensuring the enforcement of the right to a speedy trial. In doing so the case study research design and qualitative research methodology were employed and examines the perspectives of investigative officers, suspect, prosecutor and judges, through interviews and questionnaires to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The findings of the study identified various cause of delay in crime investigation at Burayu town and compromising the enforcement of the suspect's right to a speedy trial. Firstly, the study revealed that personal problems of actors involved in the investigation process, along with institutional and legal factors, played a significant role in causing delays of crime investigation. The finding of the study also revealed the role of promotion of timely evidence gathering, strengthening the defence‟s position, preservation of evidence integrity, investigative officer credibility and public confidence as the importance of upholding the constitutional right of suspect to fair and effective investigation in ensuring the enforcement of the right to speedy trial and underscore the negative implication of investigative delay on the enforcement of right to speedy trial of suspect. Based on the findings, the research recommends some policy interventions to the concerned body to address the identified challenges. By shedding light on the causes of delay in crime investigations and its implication on the right to a speedy trial, this research contributes to the on-going discourse on criminal justice reform and underscores the importance of addressing these issues to uphold the fundamental rights of suspects and promote fair and efficient legal process.
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    WITNESS PROTECTION UNDER ETHIOPIAN LAW: JURISPRUDENCE, CONSTITUTIONALITY AND THE RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION
    (2023-11) BERHANU DEMISSIE FEYISSA
    The general objective of this thesis is seeks to address the rubbing between protecting the wellbeing of witnesses and protecting of accused right to confrontation in Ethiopia criminal justice system. Analysing the existing law of witness protection and the practice were the main theme of this study. The study covers relevant Ethiopian laws and jurisprudence practices in criminal proceedings and also reviews literatures; international covenants and jurisprudence and world classic jurisdiction are highlighting. The author‟s attempt to highlight the necessity and justification of effective witness protection measures, through enactment of a comprehensive law and independent institution on criminal justice dispensation. To this end, under umbrella of qualitative methodology both doctrinal and non- doctrinal legal research approaches have been employed. Both secondary and primary data were collected. Laws and jurisprudence practices via semi-structured interviews were done with 12 federal justice respondents as a primary source. To that end, thesis finding out the loopholes in the existing laws and huge practical gaps between the law and practices of Ethiopia on witness protection and respecting interests of the right to confrontation. It also rejects on why witness protection measures are important for effective functioning of criminal justice system. To that end, the research also found out Ethiopian criminal justice system has not been legitimate limitation grounds with standards of balancing mechanism anonymity witness protection and accused right to confrontation. Regarding the witness protection in Ethiopia, progress is achieved in improving legislation and establishing special program for implementation of witness protection, but still remain many challenges that Ethiopia justice institutions face such as international cooperation and national coordination between justice machineries. Based on these challenges, the researcher recommends for enacting comprehensive and amending of the existing laws on clear legal, procedural and institutional challenges for effective criminal justice system.
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    CHILD LABOUR IN THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR: THE CASE OF CHILDREN ENGAGED IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN HAWASSA CITY, SNNPRS
    (Hawassa University, 2014-10) AKALEWOLD FEDILU MOHAMMED
    This study was conducted in Hawassa City Administration with the main objective of assessing the causes and consequences of child labor on children who are engaged in solid waste management activities in the city. To accomplish its objective, the study employed a survey method, which is supplemented by qualitative research to enrich the data. Then 105 child solid waste management workers were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument of data collection. Focus group discussion, key informant interview, observation and case studies were also utilized to substantiate the data gained through the questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed using technique like frequencies, percentage, mean and cross tabulation. The qualitative data obtained through focus group discussion, key informant interview, personal observation and case studies were analyzed by using narration. The results of the study revealed that poverty (inabilities of parents or guardians to fulfill things important for their children), aspiration of children to support their parents and to become economically independent from their family were played a crucial role in the overall involvement of children in solid waste management activities. Furthermore, the study depicted that low occupational and educational status of parents, attitude of parents on the contribution of their children for survival, large family size, peer pressure and rural – urban migration pushed the child to work in solid waste management activities in the study area. On the other hand, the study findings clearly indicate that common cold, diarrhea, stomach ache, head ach, pneumonia, abrasion or scratch, eye irritation and malaria were the most prominent health problems faced by the working children and body cut and puncture were the most prominent physical injuries. The study finding was also indicated that the working children were victims of physical and emotional abuses. Finally some important recommendations have been raised as a solution to reduce the problem faced by child solid waste management workers in the study area.
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    ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE URBAN POOR: THE CASE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN INTEGRATED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
    (Hawassa University, 2011-11) YONAS ZERIHUN
    This study is a Descriptive research and it was conducted in the Hawassa city. The main objective of the study was assessing the impacts of Omo Micro-finance and the concerned government institutions intervention on the livelihood of individual members of MSEs and the status of their enterprises working in the Hawassa city Housing Development Project. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design in the context of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Primary data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires, observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The field survey was conducted with a sample size of one hundred twenty-four individuals selected by quota and proportional random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by using the SPSS program, and by content analysis. The findings of the study discloses the contribution of micro finance for income increment and diversification of income sources, reduction of income inequalities, increase in consumption, improved living condition in terms of purchasing household assets, house ownership and access to medical services. Another significant contribution of micro finance intervention is increase in trend of capital accumulation in the form of savings, and the creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, micro finance services have limited impact in the entrepreneurial development of micro enterprises in sustaining and improving MSEs. Profitability in relation with enhancing external market linkages, implications for regulatory aspects of MFIs’ and on concerned stakeholders’ support for MSEs services such as reviewing loan ceiling, and repayment terms, reducing group size, reviewing members’ selection procedures, and continuous follow-up of enterprises’ performance in a coordinated manner. Generally the outcome of the study has established that MF and supporting institutions’ interventions on MSEs have shown improvements in terms of increase in income from enterprises, access to life-enhancing facilities, employment opportunities, and saving status of the working urban poor in the study area .
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    Factors Affecting Women Participation in Leadership Positions: The Case of Selected Public Secondary Schools in Adama City Administration
    (2018-05-11) Seyoum Asfaw Garedew
    The main purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect women's participation in school leadership position in public secondary schools of Adama City Administration. Accordingly, the study specifically assessed the proportion of women at leadership positions; the extent of women's aspiration to participate in school leadership position; the strategies in place to promote women participation on leadership position; and to identify major factors that affect women's participation on leadership position in public secondary schools of Adama City Administration. The study employed mixed research approach-qualitative and quantitative. The data gathering instruments employed includes questionnaire, interview, and document review. The questionnaire was administered to 190 male and 119 female respondents; and the response rate was 92.63% for males and 93.28% for females. Furthermore, key informants interview was held with three Officials (Head of Adama City Education Office; women's focal person of Education Office of the City; and Head of Adama City Women and Children Affairs Office) were also used in the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, school statistical data were collected from schools regarding the proportion of women at leadership positions in public secondary schools of the City. The results of the study reveal that the participation of women in school leadership position was found at lower level during the past eight years, since 2010. The study finds that on average only 21.28% of women held leadership position in the studied public schools. With regards to the aspiration of women towards school leadership positions, the study finds that the aspiration of women for leadership is at moderate level. The finding also indicated that school authorities put little effort to place women in school leadership positions. Regarding the factors that may affect the participation of women in leadership position, the study identified social and organizational issues to be more important than personal factors. The study recommends that there is a need to introduce quota system in assigning school leadership positions to ensure women are sufficiently represented; giving more chance for women to improve their educational status and leadership skills through long-term and short-term trainings; giving recognition and motivational rewards for those women who are performing their work at the best success; conducting careful monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of policies and strategies in place in relation to women’s participation on school leadership positions by government and all other stakeholders; arranging awareness programs on the importance of women’s participation in school leadership aThe main purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect women's participation in school leadership position in public secondary schools of Adama City Administration. Accordingly, the study specifically assessed the proportion of women at leadership positions; the extent of women's aspiration to participate in school leadership position; the strategies in place to promote women participation on leadership position; and to identify major factors that affect women's participation on leadership position in public secondary schools of Adama City Administration. The study employed mixed research approach-qualitative and quantitative. The data gathering instruments employed includes questionnaire, interview, and document review. The questionnaire was administered to 190 male and 119 female respondents; and the response rate was 92.63% for males and 93.28% for females. Furthermore, key informants interview was held with three Officials (Head of Adama City Education Office; women's focal person of Education Office of the City; and Head of Adama City Women and Children Affairs Office) were also used in the analysis and interpretation of the data. Furthermore, school statistical data were collected from schools regarding the proportion of women at leadership positions in public secondary schools of the City. The results of the study reveal that the participation of women in school leadership position was found at lower level during the past eight years, since 2010. The study finds that on average only 21.28% of women held leadership position in the studied public schools. With regards to the aspiration of women towards school leadership positions, the study finds that the aspiration of women for leadership is at moderate level. The finding also indicated that school authorities put little effort to place women in school leadership positions. Regarding the factors that may affect the participation of women in leadership position, the study identified social and organizational issues to be more important than personal factors. The study recommends that there is a need to introduce quota system in assigning school leadership positions to ensure women are sufficiently represented; giving more chance for women to improve their educational status and leadership skills through long-term and short-term trainings; giving recognition and motivational rewards for those women who are performing their work at the best success; conducting careful monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of policies and strategies in place in relation to women’s participation on school leadership positions by government and all other stakeholders; arranging awareness programs on the importance of women’s participation in school leadership activities particularly on top-level management of the school, work to gender sensitize the school community and promote gender sensitive organizational culture . xi
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    ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' PRODUCTIVITY WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2014-06) MILLION MATHEWOS KORSISA
    Climate change and variability is one of the greatest challenges facing the Ethiopian agrarians. Climate variability has a drastic impact on agricultural output, with total crop failure and massive livestock deaths. Furthermore, the capacity of the rural poor to cope with climate related shocks has declined due the increase frequency and intensity of droughts. This study looks on the impact of climate variability on farmers' productivity and their adaptation methods of Sidama Zone, Loka Abaya, Dalle and Wonsho Woredas. The study area is hotspot for the impact of climate variability. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study and analyzed though qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion and direct observation and analyzed by using descriptive statistical tools like percentage, frequencies, mean value, cross tabulation were implemented to investigate information about the intended objective of the study. To determine the sample size for the study, multi stage sampling techniques were employed Three Kebeles were selected by simple random sampling method and 191 respondents were participated in the study. The general findings of the study shows that the climate of the zone has shown variability and in turn, this climate variability has impact on the productivity like crop production, cropping pattern, availability of long cycle crops, and availability of livestock feed and loss of livestock were the major ones. To minimize the impacts of climate variability on elders and child, landless, female-headed household, the farmers of the zone had adopted different coping strategies like; selling labour, food aid and selling livestock. Migration, early maturing crop varieties, water and soil conservation, environmental rehabilitation and area closure were long-term adaptation practices applied by farmers and zone office of agriculture. By considering the above facts, the researcher recommends, there should collaboratively works of farmers and DA experts on rehabilitation of their environment. The zone office of agriculture should encourage farmers to use drought resistant crop seeds with commercial fertilize, compost and soil moisture management practices. In addition to this, the concerned body should train the farmers create consciousness about the impact of climate variability