Biomedical science

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/1162

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Start date: 2024End date: 2024

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    ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN VISITING ASSELA REFERRAL HOSPITAL
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) TILAHUN ENDALE
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and undernutrition in under-five children are of significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries and contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, under-five children are more susceptible to infection. However, information is scarce in the study area. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between intestinal parasites and the anthropometric status of outpatients under five children in Assela referral hospital, east Arsi zone, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at Assela referral hospital from February 15 to March 15, 2024. Stool samples were collected from 227 children and examined using direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Children's weight, height, and Z scores were measured using a digital balance scale and a wooden board, with mothers or caregivers deducted from weight. The data were entered into Excel and analyzed using WHO-Anthro Plus software version v3.2.2 and SPSS v24 statistical software, respectively. An AOR analysis was done to test the association between intestinal parasites and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 38 (16.7%), 64 (28.2%), and 59 (26%), respectively. The total prevalence of parasitosis was 19.4% of children infected with at least one type of intestinal parasite. The most common intestinal parasitic infections detected in the study were E. histolytica (8.4%), E.Vermicularis (4.4%), and Giardia lamblia (3.5%). Residence (P: <0.001), deworming (P: 0.009), toilet (P: 0.034), and others like: fingernail cleanness, water source and parental education levels were the predictor variables for the prevalence of IPIs. Protozoan parasites are the most common cause of disease in under-five children in the area. Public health interventions for intestinal parasitic infections include targeted deworming programs, health education campaigns, sanitation improvements, routine screening, nutritional support, community-based interventions, and comprehensive health policies
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    TRENDS, PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF MALARIA INFECTION IN DALE DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-05) TIGIST YONAS
    Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The bulk of global malaria burden is in Sub Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Despite global efforts to combat malaria, the disease's prevalence and transmission dynamics vary across regions, influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and climatic factors. This study aims to assess the prevalence, trends, and associated risk factors of malaria infection in the Dale Districts of the Sidama Region, Ethiopia. By examining both previous prevalence data from 2018 to 2022 and assessing active malaria cases in 2023, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of malaria dynamics in the region. Data on malaria trends over five years were obtained from the malaria laboratory registry books of local health facilities. For active malaria cases, a cross-sectional survey was conducted involving adults with febrile symptoms from selected villages. The study employed both microscopic blood analysis and structured questionnaires to assess malaria prevalence and respondents' knowledge of the disease.The finding of this study indicate that, from 2018 to 2022, a total of 129,613 suspected malaria cases were recorded, with 15,030 testing positive, yielding an overall positivity rate of 11.60%. Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite, accounting for 76.80% of cases. Gender analysis revealed higher incidence rates among males (54.76%), while age-specific analysis showed the highest incidence in young adults aged 15-29 years which is (24.76%). Seasonal trends indicated a peak in malaria cases between September and November. Statistical analysis using Negative Binomial regression highlighted significant factors influencing malaria prevalence, including seasonality and age. For the cross sectional study the, prevalence of malaria among 381 respondents, females exhibited higher malaria prevalence (16.38%) compared to males (9.51%). The highest prevalence was observed in individuals over 50 years old (22.00%). Logistic regression identified significant associations with the use of mosquito nets, anti-malaria spraying, and the presence of stagnant water in the surrounding . In the study area both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax co-exist with the dominance of Plasmodium falciparu, in malaria cases underscores the need for targeted interventions against this species. The findings recommend targeted interventions focusing on high-risk groups, enhanced healthcare access, and community engagements are crucial for effective malaria control in the Dale Districts.
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    The prevalence and associated risk factors of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in school age children at Dura (May Nigus) irrigational dam, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia
    (hawassa university, 2024-10) TEKLAY ABRHA YANSHET
    A water-borne parasitic disease Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma, continues to be a major public health issue in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including Northern Ethiopia's Tigray region. This study investigates the prevalence of S. mansoni and associated risk factors in the irrigational dams in Dura (May Nigus). A school age child-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Debrebrhan secondary and Dura elementary schools in the central Tigray region. Two hundred four schoolchildren aged from seven to twenty-one years were randomly selected to provide stool specimens for Schistosoma infection examination by Kato-Katz techniques. Of the 204 randomly selected students, 190(93.14%) passed the stool collection for stool specimen examination, and 24 (12.6%) were found positive for Schistosoma mansoni. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOD)); for irrigation practice; 13.21, 95% CI (2.35, 74.20); p=0.003, for fetching water 14.52, 95% CI (2.82, 74.7); p=0.001, for washing clothes 6.4, 95% CI, (1.14, 35.4); p=0.035 respectively. Meaning thy are individually associated with S. mansoni presence. According to the retrospective data even-though there is decreasing intestinal case examination in St. Merry Hospital Axum for the past ten years the total prevalence(trend) for Schistosoma mansoni shows increasing from year to year with slight fluctuation in different age groups and genders. The most prevalent were in males among the age 10 to 25 years old. Based on the prevalence result for Schistosoma mansoni, now is the critical time to take controlling measurement and treatment in the community with a full campaign for elimination. A treatment of all school-age children once every two years is recommended with Snail control and non-specific control approaches, including the provision of clean water supply and health education, should also complement to the mass drug administration of praziquantel
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    HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANT STATUS OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE (S.L.) IN MALARIA ENDEMIC DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGION, SOUTH ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-05) MEDAN TAYE HUSSE
    The prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia has decreased somewhat in recent decades, but it is currently increasing as a result of the introduction of insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the anopheles mosquito's insecticide susceptibility status and habitat characterization in a selected study area at November. Cross sectional study was used to conduct the study. The presence of Anopheles larvae was confirmed in all water-holding habitats, and information about the habitat's perimeter, water depth, light intensity, current flow, temperature, pH, turbidity, and proximity to the closest house was noted. Additionally, information about vegetation coverage, permanence, surface debris, emergent plant, habitats and substrate type of larval holding habitats were recorded for the purpose of characterizing the habitat. Sample of anopheles larvae were taken to Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology from study area in November 2024. The larvae were then reared there, their insecticide susceptibility tested, and their species was identified using the Coetzee 2020 identification key. In order to test for insecticide susceptibility, 100 adult Anopheles mosquitoes were exposed to each insecticide that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended (propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and alpha-cypermethrin 0.45%). The knockdown times (KDT), percentage knockdown, and percentage mortalities of the exposed mosquitoes were noted. Anopheles gambiae s.l., the species of mosquito that was identified, was resistant to propoxur (0.1%) and delthametrin (0.05%), but it was completely susceptible to alpha cypermethrin (0.45%) across all study sites. In all research sites, alpha-cypermethrin insecticide took less time (18.67-24.23min) to kill 50% of Anopheles gambiae s.l. In every study area, the KDT50 of Anopheles gambiae exposed to propoxur insecticide was high, ranging from 51.95 to 56.25 minutes. Anopheles mosquito species that dominate study area was Anopheles gambiae s.l; it was susceptible to Alpha cypermethrin and resistant to delthametrin and propoxur and it prefer to breed in habitat which exposed to sun light, had stone substrate and had no canopy cover. Anopheles gambiae (s.l) that inhabit Chuko, Dale and Loka Abaya was susceptible to Alphacypermethrin and resistant to Deltamethring & Propoxure. This species was highly productive in habitat like ditches, burrow pits and road puddle which exposed to sun light, without canopy cover and with stony substrate.
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    PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS VISITING ADARE HOSPITAL HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) BONTU DESU
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a significant public health issue, especially in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of IPIs and identify the associated risk factors among patients visiting Adare Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia. A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted, with socio-demographic data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and stool samples analyzed using Direct Microscopy (Wet Mount) and Formal-Ether Concentration methods.. Data was analysed using SPSS version-27, by descriptive statistics and Logistic regression analyses. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance .Out of 422 stool samples, 152 (36.0%) tested positive for intestinal parasites. The most commonly detected parasites were Giardia lamblia (14.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.4%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (7.6%), while Hymenolepis nana was less frequently identified. Additionally, 16 participants (3.8%) had double infections. This study investigates the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in a specific population, focusing on age, income, occupation, hygiene practices, and access to clean water, dietary habits, and medical history. Findings reveal that Children aged 0-5 and 6-15 years face a higher risk of infection (AOR 1.509, p = 0.018), (AOR 1;59, P=0.17)respectively and low-income households, particularly those earning below 1000 NTS, are at greater risk (AOR 1.304, p < 0.01). Among occupations, students show a notably high risk (AOR 13.39, p < 0.001). Hygiene practices, especially hand washing with soap and water, significantly reduce IPI risk (AOR 0.188, p = 0.030), while limited access to clean water increases it (AOR 3.436, p < 0.001). Dietary habits, such as consuming raw meat or fish, are linked to higher infection rates (AOR 0.368, p = 0.001).These finding highlight critical risk factors, including age, income, occupation, hygiene, and water access and underscore the need for improved hygiene practices, sanitation, and access to clean water in Hawassa to mitigate the spread of parasitic infections. This study provides essential insights that can inform targeted public health interventions in the region.