Biosystems Engineering

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Start date: 2017End date: 2019

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    EFFECT OF SOIL BUND ON SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES AND ASSESSING FARMERS´ ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES; A CASE STUDY OF FANTA WATERSHED GENA BOSSA WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2019-10-22) Wondimu Bekele Goba
    Land degradation is one of the major challenges in agricultural production in Ethiopia. To combat the problem various Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) measures were introduced in the country. Soil nutrients assessment is valuable for evaluating agro-ecosystem sustainability, soil degradation and identifying land management practices. This research aimed i) to evaluate the effect of soil bunds on selected soil properties (soil texture, soil organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen); ii) to assess the adoption of farmers and factors influencing physical soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies in the Fanta watershed. Twenty-seven soil samples at 3 slope positions were collected from soil bund and 9 soil samples at 3 slope positions were collected from no bund plots. Samples were taken at 0-20 cm, depth. Analyses were done for soil texture, soil organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorous (AP), available potassium (AK) and total nitrogen (TN). In addition, 128 households were selected from three kebeles for interview to evaluate soil and water conservation (SWC) measures adoption. The results showed that SOC, AP, and AK were significantly (p≤0.05) increased and decreased by the soil bunds and slope positions. Sand and clay fractions significantly varied with both soil bunds and slope gradient but silt and TN, was not significantly differed in no-bund plots within its slope and adjacent conserved plots. The highest values of most parameters were recorded in lower slope positions both in bund and no-bund plots and near soil bund at upslope side. Farmers differ in their willingness and ability to adopt new practices. Adoption of physical SWC was negatively correlated to age of head of household, family size, farm size, plot numbers and livestock numbers while education level, location of land, extension service and access to training were positively and significant difference. Thus, it can be concluded that soil bunds retain essential plant nutrients but its adoption was limited due to some socio-economic factors in the Fanta watershed. Therefore, Structures were not regularly maintained thus, there should be a continuous awareness creation mechanism on stakeholders and prevent cropland from open grazing. In addition, emphasis should be required on variables which negatively affecting adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies
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    IMPACT OF SELECTED SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES ON TREE SEEDLING SURVIVALS: A CASE STUDY IN GERDUBA WATERSHED, BORANA ZONE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-27) DEMISACHEW TADELE AYANA
    Establishing forest plantation on degraded rangelands play a key role in forest rehabilitation processes through afforestation or/and reforestation. In-situ rainwater harvesting has positive impact on seedling survivals at degraded rangelands. A quadrant of 10 m × 10 m of five times replication at three slope classes under area enclosure was used. Both survived seedlings and soil physical parameters were collected from three in situ structures and three soil depths profiles (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) and then analyzed using T-test procedures in which LSD is used for mean comparison. The data generated from soil attributes were analyzed as 3x3 factorial experiment using GLM procedure; the selected SWC practices and soil depths were used as the two factors with three slope classes each, respectively. Of the transplanted seedling to the area enclosure with selected SWC structures namely, in pits (66.53, 46.13, and 25.66%), half-moon (66.53, 41.80, and 20.40%), and soil bund embankment (55.46, 42.60, and 28.80%) were survived at bottom, middle and upper slope classes respectively. The interaction of structures on conserving and storing moisture was not significant except level soil bund embankments. Because, tree seedlings rose at nursery site transplanted to the level soil bund embankment structures, that was, on the dig out soils. The conserved soil moisture is far from transplanted seedling roots as a result needs more energy to absorb but weak and short rooting system. Infiltration pits and half-moon showed good performance than level soil bund embankments at bottom parts. Grass regeneration and maintaining around in-situ rainwater harvesting devices as well as transplanted tree seedlings stay alive are excellent indicators of moisture availability. This explains that almost all in-situ structures play a crucial role at flat land rather than middle and upper parts but highest bulk density achieved for the upper parts, which might be due to risks of soil erosion and only left with very compacted cobles. Therefore, slope gradient have implication on in-situ rainwater harvesting devices efficiencies in conserving moisture for tree seedling survival so as to establish good forest stands
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    E THE SUS YTILIBANIAT OF RETAW S YLPPU SCHEMES DNA S AE S LANO RETAW YTILAUQ OF PO AT BLE W ETA R S YLPPU IN LARUR AERA S FO TARFE A MIDIG W DERO A, NO HTR S WOH A Z E
    (Hawassa University, 2018-07-28) M KE ETE IGA ZEW
    Sustai an b tili y of ru ar l water s pu ply schemes is very im op rtant of r continued ser eciv of water for the s yteico . woL sustai an b ytili of aw et r s pu ply schemes ma ek s the c mo m tinu y to r ute nr to unpr tceto ed s uo rce. T sih duts y saw c udno cted ni atarfE Gi mid roW e ,ad oN rth awohS Z eno , ot ev aula te ht e us s libaniat ity fo w ta er ppus ly schemes na d tilauq y fo atop lb e taw er ppus ly. roF eht yduts , ruof Ke leb e snoitartsinimda na d 953 suoh e sdloh were r lmodna y se el cted rof irp ram y atad uos r ec s. A latot fo 61 aw ter lpmas es were co ell cted dna xe nima ed for physico-chemic la dna bac ret i golo ic la water uq a ytil lana ys si rf mo ruos ec ; 8 rof wet na d 8 rof rd y se osa n. O ciff e od cume tn er view fo ititnauq es na d ps e ic fic noita fo sche sem c rtsno ucted were osla co udn cted. M lu t elpi il near re rg es is on edom l saw lppa ied ot ide itn fy dete animr nt fo yhpoib sic la dna t ce hnic la facto sr ulfni enc gni th e ilibaniatsus ty of aw ter s lppu y schemes. One yaw AVONA , tigol dna MLR w sa em lp oyed ot see ht e s tsitat ic la id ffer ne ec fo the v baira les at 5% ngis ific tna el ev l and c ro relati no aw s osla nod e ot sbo erve ssa oc snoitai fo v aira bles. morF ht e 91 schemes obse vr ed; 52.63% fo ht em were on tops ps r .gni morF the to lat im orp ev d gnirps s ( =n 8), 37.5% were se im nuf c anoit l dna 52 % ew er ton uf nc anoit l eud ot tniam e an nce dna s gnirp ed v mpole e tn lborp ems. morF the atot l ollahs w llew s ( =n 6) sbo e vr ed 05 % fo ht em we er non - nuf c lanoit du e ot wol pe oitarten n, rb eak ga e fo U-se la dna am i tn e cnan e borp lems. The fi gnidn s revealed taht ht e ac laut pe ofr r nam ec fo water op i tn s were wol ud e ot on n irps ng d eve ol pment rp o lb me s, c gniggol fo the tuops , roop ilauq ty gra ev l sel ce t noi gnirud llew deve mpol e tn , wol taw er tniop s orp t ce t oi n, al ck of ollof w up, wol d htpe fo pene oitart n dna m tnia e an nc .e ojaM r borp lem c cno e ninr g eht r ce ove yr fo taw er ppus ly schemes ope oitar n and tniam e an nce cost saw cal k fo e ofn rcement. In Ze obm dna Lay S ra am ab Kebeles, 6 ot 7 perce tn fo ht e ope itar no dna tniam e cnan c e tso s wer e r ce o ev red ihw le luD it Yege adl dna Yemele s ow chemes er covered be wol 1%. nO va e ar ge, ht e c ytinummo c usno mes 6.57 il te sr of aw ter per head. L wo tnauq ti y per capita c pmusno t noi a saw c rht nommo e fo dn ht e roW e ad ( tsomla lla er is de tn s oot k el ss naht 25 til res fo batop le taw er per uoh se dloh ). tI saw sbo erved aht t sus t nia a lib ity of water us p lp y schemes in ulf ecne d by lliw i ngn ess to ap y (p 0= .0 44 ), O&M (p=0. 00 1), al kc fo art i in ng (p=0.001), a dn pa itr cip ta i no ( =p 0.01). Among dete mr ina tn fo sus t ia n ba i til ,y ga e (p 0= 0. 09), a ecc ss to s ap re ap rt (p 0= .001), oc sn t ur c it on q au l ti y (p=0.001) was found ot b e tats i its ac ll y is g ifin c tna . The hp y is cochemic la te ts fo atad lana y sis wohs ed taht ( CE , pH, T SD , c irolh de, rtin a et , i nor and diroulf e) were wi niht the dradnats fo ES dna OHW tub ngam e uis m dna tahpsohp e saw ba ove ht e s radnat d. T me pe ar t ru e d ffi eren sec (p 0= .0 20 ) be wt ee n w te an d rd y s ae os ns were f uo nd ot be hig lh y si ing fic na t ud e ot season tila .y Ni rt ta e (p 0= .0 31 ) saw uof nd sign ifi ac ltn y di ff ere tn be wt ee n wet and rd y se sa on too due ot orga in c aw st ,e rus fa ec ur n ffo from a irg c lu t aru l nal d with fert zili er d ru ni g wet se sa on. nI ter sm fo im c aibor l re us lt, ht e gniknird w ta er s oh wed latot dna f ce al c filo ro m c noitanimatno ta ht e ruos ec hw ich ma ek s it on t ius t ba le of r dr kni i gn water oprup s .
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    DETERMINANTS OF COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN IMPROVING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE; THE CASE OF HALABA SPECIAL WOREDA, SOUTHERN, ETHIOPIA.
    (Hawassa University, 2019-01-20) BIKILA HIKA GERSHE
    Ethiopia is undertaking the Community Led Total Sanitation & Hygiene approach in the past 10 years. However, only very few researches have been conducted. This research was aimed at identified difference among the communities where Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene implemented and the determinants. The study was done by cross sectional study using close ended questionnaire for the sampled households and triangulated the information by interviewing the key informants. As per the target for the thesis, majority of the respondents (93%) were female & 61% of them illiterate. The average household size of the study area is 6.95 which is higher than average population size of the Country. Of the sampled respondents 94% of them has access to safe water supply pipe/public water tap whereas the average water per capital consumption was 8.7% l/p/d which is very small. On the other side, 29% of HHs‟ stated that their water source are unfit for drinking. From the sampled 59.7% of the respondents store their drinking water at HH while the rest not. The major determinant for the HH water storage practice is; container unavailability, the material cost and the amount of water they collect too small. As stated in the finding most respondents use latrine for excreta disposal while only 3.3% practice open defecation. On the other side, the sanitation status of the latrine those observed are poor like they have no superstructure/shelter, slab and handwashing facility. The major determinants that hindered the resident community to improve their Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene includes 45% Economic shortage, 22% poor knowledge, 18% initial and maintenance cost, 8% human labour, and the rest 4% and 3% family size and comparative preference to defecate in field/bush respectively. Hence it concluded that the Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene very profound to improve the Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene particularly in mitigating Open Defecation Free whereas the technical feasibility factors, the socio-economic factors are major determinants while environmental factors insignificant relatively as investigated in the study area
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    GIS BASED SOIL LOSS ESTIMATION USING USLE MODEL FOR SOIL CONSERVATION PLANNING: IN KARESA WATERSHED, LOMA WOREDA, SOUTH WEST ETHIO
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-10) BAGEGNEHU BEKELE MENGISTU
    Soil erosion is the most challenging and continuous environmental problems resulting in both on-site and off-site effects in the world particularly in Ethiopia. Karesa watershed is one of the most erosion-prone watersheds which received little attention. Managing the on site erosion is to reduce the negative impacts of downstream water resources and requires an understanding of the rates of soil loss as well as identification of the major controlling factors that enhance or retard these processes. This study was conducted to estimate average annual soil loss rate using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation Model adapted to Ethiopian condition. The following datasets were obtained from different sources for estimating annual soil loss such as 15 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating Erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil Erodibility factor, 30m x 30m resolution Digital Elevation Model for estimating slope length and slope steepness (LS) factor, Landsat6ETM+ images with 30mx30m resolution for detecting Vegetation cover and Conservation practice factor. Raster calculator was used to interactively multiply and produce annual soil loss. The result reveals that 42,413.72 ton per year soil loss from 9939 ha entire watershed and 4.27 tons per hectare per year average annual soil loss rate. The mean annual soil loss rate was classified in to four erosion severity classes as very less, less, moderate and High . The result also implies, two slope classes (0-15% and 15-30%) were categorized under very less to less soil loss (0-6.25 tons ha-1 yr-1 ) which accounts an area of 9383.07 ha (94.4%) of the watershed areas and representing 81.13% of the total soil loss. On the other hand, the watershed slope classes (>30%) fell under moderate to High soil loss (6.25-25 tons ha-1 yr-1 ) together covers 555.93ha (5.6%) of the watershed areas contributing 18.82% of the total soil loss mainly due to cultivation of marginal land,Intensive cultivation, poor vegetation cover during critical rainfall period. Moreover, about 2,184.93 ha of the watershed area was highly affected by erosion which contributes 18,182.25 tones yr-1 (42.87%) total soil loss and requires integrated soil and water conservation measures
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    EFFECT OF PHYSICAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES ON SELECTED SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN UBALE MICRO WATERSHED, ARBA MINCH ZURIA WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2019-07-23) ANDARGE ALARO ALTAYE
    Following erosion-induced soil degradation tremendous efforts have been made in implementing different soil and water conservation measures (SWC) in Arba Minch Zuria Wereda. Apart from monitoring and evaluation reports no substantive studies were made and documented on the performances of SWC measures in soil properties so far. The aim of the study is examine the effects of different SWC measures on the selected physicochemical properties of soil among physical SWC measures and position of terrace and, its improvement on soil infiltration rate. Reconnaissance survey was carried out and convenient sampling method was used to select the sampling plot. In cultivated fields treated by level stone bund and level soil bund each with 5 years old age from 15-25% slope category were compared with control. 9 experimental plots were selected. A total of 21 composite soil samples, 18 from treated and 3 from control were collected from the top 15 cm soil depth using “W” sampling design method and analyzed for soil texture, pH [H2O], electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorous (AP), zinc (Zn), exchangeable potassium (K+ ), exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+ ) using standard laboratory procedures. 21 undisturbed core samples, 18 from treated and 3 from control plots were collected and analyzed for bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP) and moisture content (MC). Infiltration rate of the soil was measured using a double ring infiltrometer. Results of the experimental study showed that soil MC (%), EC (ds/m), SOC (%), SOM (%), TN (%) and Ca2+ (cmol (+)/kg) were significantly different between SWC measures and the three different position within terrace. % clay were significantly different between SWC measures and interaction effect. Except pH all soil properties were significantly different between SWC measures. Equilibrium infiltration rate was reached on each treatment after (120mins), the LSTB had the highest basic soil infiltration rate, while the control and the LSB received medium and lowest infiltration rate respectively. SOC, SOM and TN were better on the level stone bund and soil bund than the control plot, while the control plots was received the highest pH, EC, Zn, Ca2+ and silt fractions compared with treated plot. The middle position within terraces recorded the higher OC, OM and TN than upper and lower position. Interaction effect of soil and water conservation measures by positions, the level stone bund in the lower position was recorded the higher OC and TN followed by level soil bund on the middle position. The cumulative values of physical SWC measures without proper attention for technical characteristics of the bunds and the maintenance systems improved were decreasing the marginal status of soil nutrients. Biological measures could be integrated for better effect soil fertility. Thus, further research need to be conducted on the effectiveness of bunds in relation to functions relevant for biomass and environmental quality
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    Land use/land cover change and soil erosion risk mapping in Shebedino woreda, Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-12) ADDISU AMARE HABTE
    Soil erosion is one of the major environmental problems that threaten sustainable agricultural production. Estimates of soil erosion risks and changes in the land use land cover will assist effective and sustainable land management and soil and water conservation (SWC) measures implementations. This study reported assessments of Land use/land cover changes between periods of 1973 and 2014 using GIS and Remote Sensing technique of Shebedino woreda. The study also attempted to map soil erosion risk by water and estimated the rate of soil erosion using Universal Soil Loss Equation in combination with GIS and Remote Sensing applications. Two satellite imageries (Landsat MSS 1973 and Landsat ETM+2014) have been used for change detection. Ethiopia soil map and soil survey data, 23 years rainfall data, a digital elevation model image, and land cover map for the year of 2014 have been used to estimate rate of soil erosion. Subsequently, land use/land cover map of the year 1973 and 2014, and soil erosion risk map of the study area have been produced. The study revealed that in the last four decades significant changes have been detected on LULCC. Forest cover and grazing land significantly decreased at a rate of 184.22 ha/yr and 38.08 ha/yr respectively; on the other hand cultivated land has shown increment in area at a rate of 179.91 ha/yr; and settlement has shown increment as well. The soil erosion risk analysis result shows that the woreda exhibited soil erosion rate of between 0 to 50 tonnes per hectare per year. The total annual soil loss in the study area was about 77200.50 tonnes, with 3.92 tonnes per hectare per year of mean annual rate of soil loss. A significant increment (159 %) in total annual soil loss has been observed. The total annual soil loss amount increased to 77200.50 tonnes in 2014 compared to 31076.05 tonnes 1973 situation. Based on the finding of this study, it was concluded that there were significant land use/ land cover change happened in the woreda. Part of the worda is prone to soil erosion risks. Therefore, all woreda level actors should give emphases to the situation and devise appropriate interventions measures for better and effective management of land recourses