Water Resource

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    ASSESSEMENT OF COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF POTABLE WATER AND SANITATION IN RURAL AREAS OF KUCHA WOREDA, GAMO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2024-10-22) MEKURIA MUNDARE MULATE
    Safe water supply and sanitation services are basic requirements for a society. Limited access associated with poor water supply, sanitation and hygiene make the community to depend on unsafe and improvement of basic water supply and sanitation services to give proper and timely response. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate coverage and quality of potable water supply and sanitation services and forecast the future demand by 2035 for Kucha Woreda. Five Kebele administrations were selected by purposive sampling technique. Totally 110 households (HHs) were selected as a sample population for primary data sources are then distributed to each Kebeles proportionally by using purposive sampling technique. The data sources for the study were both primary and secondary. For secondary data collection document review was used as a tool to collect valuable information. Household surveys, personal observations and key-informants interview were used for primary data collection. The data from households were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and explanation building. The inferential statistics one way ANOVA and were descriptive statistical employed to see the statistical significances and associations of the variables respectively. The major finding showed that there are low coverage (21.9%), inadequate spatial distribution of water points (58.4%), low per capita consumption (an average of 7.36 liters), with almost all residents consuming less than 25 liters of safe water, and waiting water-fetching times (an average of 52. 5 minutes). Likewise, sanitation situation was not so healthy and encouraging. Many factors were responsible for poor sanitation. Some of them were lack of proper disposal of garbage and toilet waste and lack of knowledge of rural people about personal hygiene and health. The survey result showed that more than 51.4% of the households were disposing baby faces and solid wastes in the open field, majorities of them (26.5.%) using water only, water use and ash 14.1% of respondents in the study area don't use water at all for hand washing after defecating. The result of water quality test of the study area obtained overall water quality indicates that most parameters are within standard except parameters like Temperature, Iron and phosphate that do not fulfill the WHO and Ethiopian drinking water standards. Bacteriological results show that the presence pathogens i.e. total coliform four water sample sites contaminated exceeding the WHO and Ethiopian standards which do not allow any fecal or total colonies in drinking water
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, DEMAND AND SANITATION CONDITION IN RURAL AREAS OF SHEBEDINO WOREDA SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPR
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-19) DANIEL SOKAMO KAMALA
    Water is a natural resource of fundamental importance. Ethiopia is one of the developing countries with problems of water supply and sanitation. This study was conducted in Shebedino Woreda, Sidama Zone, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples State. The aims of this study was to assess the quality, accessibility of drinking water supply and sanitary condition and forecast the future demand by 2026. For this study 4 rural Kebeles and 11 Water points were selected by using systematic sampling method. For household survey, 120 respondents were selected from which 70 were male house headed and 50 were women who were primary responsible in fetching water. Questionnaires were used to assess sanitary and access of drinking water to the community and personal observation was used to identify a water point and to assess sanitary condition of the water source. Also Key informant’ interviews were carried out to collect background information on hygienic behavior, accessibility of water supply and causes of water associated communicable diseases. Totally 33 samples (3 samples from each water point) were collected and tested in the laboratory to assess physico chemical and bacteriological quality of the drinking water. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the result presented in frequencies, mean, standard deviation and percentages. The physico chemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed using ANOVAs and the result was presented using tables and graphs. Based on the findings, the major problems regarding drinking water and sanitation were: low coverage (30.50%),low quantity (7.1 liters of average per capita consumption and also more than 96.67% of the people take less than 20 liters of potable water), and long water fetching time (in average 47 minutes). Likewise, sanitation situation was not so healthy and encouraging. Many factors were responsible for poor sanitation. Some of them were lack of proper disposal of garbage and toilet waste and lack of knowledge of rural people about personal hygiene and health. The survey result showed that about 51.5% of the households were disposing baby faeces and solid wastes in the open field, majorities of them (70.36%) who constructed a latrine used it now and then and also more than 50% of respondents in the study area don't use water at all for hand washing after defecating. Physicochemical quality test showed that the concentration of Turbidity is very high in Sedeka Kebele at Lamala and Shemeta sites, in Howolso Kebele at Kitawo site and in Gonowagabalo Kebele at Burama and Handisa sites. Level of Manganese also higher in Remeda Kebele at Tado site, which is much greater than WHO guideline values and not suitable for drinking purpose. According to the result of Bacteriological quality test water supply in the studied area had mean number of total coliform and fecal coliform is 8.37and 4.87respectively,which is much greater than WHO guideline values and not suitable for drinking purpose. Therefore, the major copping strategies for the challenges are water points should be protected and water disinfection techniques should be used, evaluating the existing performance, adjusting periodically revised population growth, preventive and regular maintenance program, focusing on the construction of communal latrines and integrating water supply and sanitation sectors
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    A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM STUDY AND ASSOCIATEDGAPS ON SANITATION OF THE DAYE TOWN, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-07-18) ABERRA ELEFEW ASAMINEW
    Safe and adequate delivery of water to a consumption node is an essential function of a water distribution network. Daye Town has experienced frequent and regular disruption of water because of hydraulic problems related to pressure and velocity during high consumption period and at night-time. The main aim of this study was to model the existing water distribution system for steady-state and evaluate hydraulic performance of the system and sanitation condition of the town. For conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected and tools such as WaterGEMS and SPSSwere used. Questionnaire was used for the sanitation assessment for the selected sample households. Pressure gauge was used and the pressure on the selected points on the water supply system measured and then validated with the result from hydraulic modeling analysis. The existing water sources studied, and the population of the town analyzed for the present and the forecasted, 20 years. Accordingly, the total average per capita consumption of the Town in the year 2022was 9.21 l/c/d which showed lower performance compared to 50 l/c/d which is set by GTP-II of the country for category 4 town and 34,714m 3 /year (25.03%) of water is considered to be non-revenue (NRW) and the apparent losses and real losses of the town was 0.9% and 26.44% respectively. There is high gap between demand and supply in the town because the current (2022) and the future (2041) maximum day water demand of the town was 1741.04m 3 /day and 4,581.81 m 3 /day respectively and the current (2022) water production of the town was only 511.2 m 3 /day which only satisfies 44% of the current demand (2022) and 17% of the future demand in year 2041. Therefore, securing additional water supplies becomes an essential issue to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The simulated result showed that 41.35% for pressure value (<10m) and 58.65% for pressure value with recommended value (11-70m) base xii consumption and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 51.3% (<0.6m/s) and 48.7% the range of (0.6-2m/s). The performance of the model was evaluated using model evaluation statistics. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2 ) for pressure calibration was 0.96. Moreover, potential causes of water losses in the town water supply system were assessed, water losses reduction strategies are designed, and the system pressure and velocity are adjusted. Finally, sanitation associated gapsmainly the latrine in household and selected institutions and excreta disposal and transportation was assessed. Percent of households with access to sanitation facility and percent of households with year-round access to improved water system for sanitation was27.52% and 15.5% respectively