Water Resource

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    MODELING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK USING WaterGEMS CONNECT: THE CASE OF AREKA TOWN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-26) MESFIN GIZAW LEMMA
    Safe and adequate delivery of water to a consumption node is an essential function of water distribution network. However, throughout the world especially in developing countries, the hydraulic performance of water distribution network is inadequate to transfer available water to a consumption node. Areka Town has been experienced frequent and regular disruption of water because of hydraulic problems related to pressure and velocity during high consumption period and at night time. The main aim of this study was to model the existing water distribution system for steady-state and extended period simulation and evaluating hydraulic performance of the system. For conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected and tools such as WaterGEMS, ArcGIS 10.3, and GPS were used. The total average per capita consumption of the Town in the year 2020 was 11.74 l/c/d which showed lower performance compared to 60 l/c/d which is set by GTP-II of the country for category 3 town and 108,808m3/year (27.35%) of water is considered to be non-revenue (NRW) and the apparent losses and real losses of the town was 0.9% and 26.44% respectively. There is high gap between demand and supply in the town because the current (2020) and the future (2042) maximum day water demand of the town was 2,395.92 m3/day and 14,116.88 m3/day respectively and the current (2020) water production of the town was only 1090.13 m3/day which only satisfies 45.5% of the current demand (2020) and 7.7% of the future demand in year 2042. Therefore, securing additional water supplies becomes an essential issue to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The simulated result showed that 1.81% for pressure value (<15m), 34.56% for pressure value (15-70m) and 63.63% for pressure value (>70m) at peak consumption and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 90% (<0.6m/s),10% the range of (0.6-2m/s) at low consumption time and Velocity in distribution network was in recommended range in peak consumption time. The performance of the model was evaluated using model evaluation statistics. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) for pressure calibration was 0.991. Finally, potential causes of water losses in the town water supply system were assessed, water losses reduction strategies are designed and the system pressure and velocity are adjusted
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    PERFORMACE EVALUATION OF GIRJA TOWN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-10-22) MESERET MARMARA DINESSSO
    Increasing demand can be fulfilled by designing efficient water distribution networks based on advance computing systems include modern hydraulic modeling and designing software’s. The main objective of this study was to model the existing water distribution system and evaluating hydraulic performance of the system. For conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected and tools such as WaterGEMS and GPS were used. The total average per capita consumption of the Town in the year 2015 E.C was 10.15 l/c/d which showed lower performance compared to 50 l/c/d which is set by GTP-II of the country for category 4 town and 35653 m 3 /year of water is non-revenue (NRW) and the apparent losses and real losses of the town is 0.9% and 26.75% respectively. There is high gap between demand and supply in the town because the current (2015 E.C) and the future (2035 E.C) maximum daily water demand of the town was 767224.89 m 3 /year and 1172509 m 3 /year respectively and the current water production of the town was 128940 m 3 /year which only satisfies 19.6% of the current demand (2015 E.C) and 14.4% of the future demand in year 2035. Therefore, securing additional water supplies becomes an essential issue to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The hydraulic model result showed that 2.78% for pressure value (<10m), 76.39% for pressure value (10-70m) and 20.83% for pressure value (>70m) at peak consumption and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 91.3% (<0.6m/s), 8.7% the range of 0.6-2m/s at low consumption time. The performance of the model was evaluated using model evaluation statistics. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2 ) for pressure calibration was 0.98. Finally, the water quality was examined for biological, and physiochemical parameters, potential causes of water losses in the town water supply system were assessed, and improvement measures were proposed for existing water supply problems
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    ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: ARBA MINCH TOWN: ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa Inversity, 2023-10-13) MESAY MULU UTA
    Water distribution systems are the most important urban infrastructure in the world and require huge construction investments. Arba Minch Town has been experiencing failure of the water distribution system due to poor system design and system deterioration. Therefore, this study aimed to model optimal water distribution network by modifying the existing distribution network of Arba Minch Town using WaterGEMS software. The population of the town in 2032 expected to reach 201,814 with an average daily demand of average daily demand of 67.34l/c/d and 36.8 % of water production lost in the distribution system before reaching to the end customers. The town's master plan made it possible to optimally modify the layout of the network, change the pressure zones and change the position of some supply tanks in the existing water networks. It is observed that existing water distribution systems did not cover the existing community like Gurba and Woze kebele due to design problems and pipe size. The modified distribution network has improved the minimum and maximum water flow velocity through providing appropriate pressure in the ranges of 10-70 m head of water. It has been noticed that maximum pressure criteria violation percent was reduced from 35.62 percent to 1.5 percent during minimum flow hours and it also diminished from 32.3percent to 1.08 percent during peak flow. The results also showed that the minimum velocity criteria violation reduced from 17.08percent to 0.07percent during peak flow rate condition. The study concluded that the existing water distribution network in the study area needs to be done of optimal approach by modifying the system to ensure efficient water distribution for the community.
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    A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM STUDY AND ASSOCIATEDGAPS ON SANITATION OF THE DAYE TOWN, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-07-18) ABERRA ELEFEW ASAMINEW
    Safe and adequate delivery of water to a consumption node is an essential function of a water distribution network. Daye Town has experienced frequent and regular disruption of water because of hydraulic problems related to pressure and velocity during high consumption period and at night-time. The main aim of this study was to model the existing water distribution system for steady-state and evaluate hydraulic performance of the system and sanitation condition of the town. For conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected and tools such as WaterGEMS and SPSSwere used. Questionnaire was used for the sanitation assessment for the selected sample households. Pressure gauge was used and the pressure on the selected points on the water supply system measured and then validated with the result from hydraulic modeling analysis. The existing water sources studied, and the population of the town analyzed for the present and the forecasted, 20 years. Accordingly, the total average per capita consumption of the Town in the year 2022was 9.21 l/c/d which showed lower performance compared to 50 l/c/d which is set by GTP-II of the country for category 4 town and 34,714m 3 /year (25.03%) of water is considered to be non-revenue (NRW) and the apparent losses and real losses of the town was 0.9% and 26.44% respectively. There is high gap between demand and supply in the town because the current (2022) and the future (2041) maximum day water demand of the town was 1741.04m 3 /day and 4,581.81 m 3 /day respectively and the current (2022) water production of the town was only 511.2 m 3 /day which only satisfies 44% of the current demand (2022) and 17% of the future demand in year 2041. Therefore, securing additional water supplies becomes an essential issue to meet the current and future water demand of the town. The simulated result showed that 41.35% for pressure value (<10m) and 58.65% for pressure value with recommended value (11-70m) base xii consumption and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 51.3% (<0.6m/s) and 48.7% the range of (0.6-2m/s). The performance of the model was evaluated using model evaluation statistics. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2 ) for pressure calibration was 0.96. Moreover, potential causes of water losses in the town water supply system were assessed, water losses reduction strategies are designed, and the system pressure and velocity are adjusted. Finally, sanitation associated gapsmainly the latrine in household and selected institutions and excreta disposal and transportation was assessed. Percent of households with access to sanitation facility and percent of households with year-round access to improved water system for sanitation was27.52% and 15.5% respectively