Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture

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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND THEIR ADAPTATION MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF ADAMI TULU JIDO KOMBOLCHA DISTRICT, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2018) ABDISSA HATEW
Climate change is a major challenge for agriculture, food security and rural livelihoods for many of people in the area. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers and theirs adaptation mechanisms. The study was conducted in four rural kebeles of Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative (descriptive statistics and binary logit model) methods of data analysis. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 200 sample households through interview and focus group discussion. Relevant secondary data were also obtained from National Meteorological Agency (NMA), other governmental offices, and the internet. The results obtained from the analysis of three decades meteorological data and the respondents’ perception on local climate change indicate an overall increase in temperature and high variability in belg and kiremt rainfalls. Local people perceived climate change induced hazards as increasing in terms of the occurrences of frequent drought, extreme heat, livestock disease and crop yield reduction. The findings also reveal that some elements of climate (temperature and rainfall) show annual and seasonal variability with slightly increasing trend. It is found that higher temperature and decreasing precipitation levels caused by climate change depresses crop yields and livestock production. The findings indicate that climate change has led to changing the planting time, declined crop yield and decreasing livestock production. The results of binary logit model analysis identified that age, sex, education level, TLU, number of oxen, farm size, off farm activities, distance to Farmers’ Training Centre and distance to market are the major determinants of households livelihoods as a measure of farmers food security. Changing planting date, implementing soil and water conservation techniques, use of improved crop varieties, use of irrigation and growing drought tolerant crops are the major adaptation mechanism employed by the farmers to adapt to climate change in the study area. In livestock production, farmers are found to decrease livestock numbers by selling the older ones, diversify livestock holdings and practice transhumance. Lack of awareness, shortage of money, poor information, shortage of land, lack or low access to irrigation, poor access to market, no or low access to credit, low access to agricultural inputs and low access to extension service as most important barriers to adaptation.
PERCEPTIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ON POTENTIAL ROLES OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHNGE ADADPTATION IN LOKA ABAYA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2018) YOHANNES BATISO
The study assessed the Perceptions of smallholder farmers on the potential roles of conservation agriculture (CA) for food security and adaptation to climate change. A combination of multi stage purposive and simple random sampling techniques was employed to get a total of 144 sample respondents’. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected by interviewing 144 smallholder household heads, focus group discussions which had total of 10 focus groups with 2 focus group in each Kebeles having 6 household head members in each group, and 32 key informants, which included 10 DAs, 20 elders and 2 officials from district. The secondary data were collected from National Metrological Agency of Ethiopia for 30 years. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, Chi-square and independent T-test to identify variables that vary significantly between groups and Econometrics such as binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regressions by SPSS version 20. To assess the contribution of CA on food security among smallholder households, the study compared estimated production function between adopters and non- adopters of CA by using Cob-Douglas production function. Secondly, the study used descriptive statistics to assess the roles of CA on climate change adaptation and finally, a binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors that affected the adoption of CA among smallholder farmers. The results showed significant difference in the number of years of schooling, availability of CA training, and access to extension services, soil fertility status, and availability of CA incentives among interviewed households. The results revealed that adoption of CA technology improved household’s maize productivity by 45% than those who practiced non-CA. Cobb-Douglas production estimates showed that CA adopters had more than 45% higher maize productivity than that of non-adopters. In addition, there were greater than proportionate unit increases in maize yield with unit increase in land size and labor among CA adopters. According to the reports of respondents, CA enhanced adaptation capacity to the impacts of climate change for adopter than non adopters by increasing soil fertility, reducing production costs (cost of labor and chemical fertilizer) by 94.5%, reducing soil erosion by 80.6%, enhancing soil moisture saving capacity by97.2%, increasing yield and improving crop resilience to the impacts of climate change by 75% in the study area. From the binary logistic regression model results, access to CA training, increase in the number of extension visits, availability of CA incentives, increase in soil fertility increased the adoption of CA technology by 86.98%, 24.8%, 21.1% and 7.0% respectively. The study recommends that there should be improvement in the access to informal elder education, informal training and field demonstration to improve and enhance the acquisition and understanding of CA technology components. Furthermore, adopter households who had better extension service have 45% greater maize yield, 90.3% of them have year round available food stock and 80.6% of them feed themselves three to four times per a day compared to non adopters households and this also helped them to adapt to climate change, to be food secured, and for this reason, there should be increase in good extension services in the promotion and dissemination of CA technology. This can be achieved by increasing number of extension workers operating in the areas and increase number of demonstrations when introducing CA technology to farmers.
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: ADAPTATIVE STRATEGIES IN TELTELLE DISTRICT OF BORANA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) GALMA HALAKE HUKA
This study focused on effects of climate change on livestock production and adaptation strategies practiced by the pastoralists in Teltelle district. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze trends of rainfall and temperature data, to assess effects of climatic factors on livestock production, rangeland condition and adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists of the district. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of 185 sample households, six focus group discussions (each focus group discussions had 8 individual members), and 13 key informants. Primary data were collected using surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. Secondary data were obtained from Ethiopia National Meteorological Agency, Addis Ababa, and District Livestock Resource Development Office. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Long term trends of rainfall and temperature data were analyzed by linear trend analysis. Standard Precipitation index and Coefficient of Variation were used to analyze rainfall deficit and variability. Relationship between climate data and livestock population were analyzed by regression and correlation analysis. Climatic factors that affect livestock production and rangeland condition were analyzed using rank index method. Multinomial logit model was also used to analyze determinants of adaptation choice of herders. 90.9% and 87.9% of household respondents perceived decreasing trend of rainfall and increasing of temperature respectively. Thirty six years trend of annual rainfall decreasing by -0.7639mm per annual and mean annual minimum temperature increasing by 0.01680C. The 18 years of annual rainfall were below average (507.81+103.73mm) while 14 years categorized as drought years. Coefficient of Variation of main rainy season (31.97%) and short rainy season (33.9%) were highly variable but annual rainfall (20.43%) was moderately variable. The highest correlation values of livestock population were with the main rainy season (r = 0.855). Major factors affected livestock productions in the district were shortage of feeds, shortage of water and recurrent drought, while variability of rainfall, bush encroachment and flood affected availability and quality of feeds. 92.5% of sample households practiced adaptive strategies while 7.5% did not. Livestock mobility, livestock diversification, area enclosures and hay making were major adaptation strategies practiced by herders. The basic barriers to climate change adaptation were lack of capital, lack of information and reduction in number of livestock per households. In conclusion, rainfall variability and high drought frequency in the district affected livestock production, feed availability and quality, and reduced effectiveness of adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists. Therefore, future policy better focus on improving water source management, improving livestock management, improving rangeland management, and encouraging the adaptation strategies applied by pastoralists.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, FEED RESOURCES AND RELATED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN BORICHA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) EYOB MARUFA WOBISA
Effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and related adaptation strategies were conducted in Boricha District, Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia with the objective of assessing effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and adaptation strategies practiced by farmers in mixed farming system of Southern Ethiopia. Purposive and systematic random sampling techniques were used for selection of sample Kebeles and household, respectively, for the formal survey. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model. The study also used 36 years rainfall and temperature data to look over the trends of local climate variability and change. According to the of trend analysis, both the maximum and minimum temperature of the study areas showed an increasing and the rain fall shows decreasing trend with high variability in the last four decades. About 88.4% of farmers perceived that the climate in their local environment was changed over years. Major causes of climate change were both human activities and natural process as 67.1% of respondents perceived. Many of the farmers perceived that climate change greatly affected their livestock production over time. The result of survey shown that climate change is pressing issue now a day, its consequences on livestock feed, and water availability, diseases outbreak and livestock production and productivity were negative. Most of farmers in the study area perceived that due to the effect of climate change, livestock feed (93.8%) and, water availability (92.5%) were reduced and diseases outbreak was increased (85%). The evidence for existence of climate change in the study area were reduction in rainfall amount, increasing environmental temperature, decrease in water sources and livestock feed, outbreak of new livestock diseases and drought occurrence. Different adaptation mechanisms practiced by the farmers in the study area to adapt the impact of climate change were feed and water storage for livestock for dry period, temporal migration to Lake Hawassa, River Bilate, Loka Abaya area and to other places in searching of pasture and water, herd diversification by rearing mixed livestock i.e. small and large ruminants together, livelihood shifting, and rearing drought tolerant species of livestock. The result of multinomial logit model indicate that sex, education, family size, farm size, access to extension service and climate information were the major determinant factors that affect the choice of adaptation option of farmers in the study area. Effect of climate change on growth performance and some of reproductive performance of livestock needs further research since there is no record on growth and reproductive performance of livestock in small-scale traditional production system.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE CASE OF ANGACHA DISTRICT IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, EHIOPIA.
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) YOHANNES GABORE JOFE
Ethiopia is one of the agrarian countries in Africa dominated by subsistence farming which is highly susceptible to climate change. This study was therefore aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ perception and its impacts and adaptation strategies followed to reduce vulnerability to climate change in the study area. The data was collected from 124 sample farmers using a questionnaire survey, FGD and key informative which were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and Multinomial logit model. Major adaptation options were drought tolerant crops, changing planting date, integrating crops with livestock, income source diversification and soil and water conservation practices. The general scenario temperature and rainfalls data result indicates increases temperature and decreases of rainfalls in study area. The result from the multinomial logit analysis showed that age, education, farm experience, farm size, livestock holding, access to climate information, access of extension service, access to credit, and access of irrigation water are significance factors influencing to farmers’ adaptation strategies. Farmers perceived the most important barriers to adaptation were lack of forecasting climate information, shortage of land, lack of credit access, lack of money, lack of extension service, poor potential for irrigation. Therefore, future policy should focus on adaptation strategies through awareness creation, the establishment of meteorology station at district level, mass media and extensions services, access to credit and enhancing research on it.
CLIMATE CHANGE, ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND THEIR DETERMINANTS IN RURAL LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2020) ADISU PETROS DESALEGN
Many studies have shown that climate change has adverse impacts on human welfare, agriculture, natural resources and development activities in Ethiopia in general and sidama Region in particular (Deressa et al., 2011; Kassie et al.,2013; Hamesso, 2013; Seyum, 2014). The objectives of study were: 1) to explore effects of climate change and variability on agricultural based livelihood systems, 2) to analyse trends of climate variability in terms of temperature and annual rainfall in the study área, 3) to assess the existing responses and adaptation measures being practiced to climate change and variability, and 4) to identify determinants of climate change adaptation strategies. Three stage sampling technique was employed to select 188 study sample respondents. Both primary and secondary data was collected. Primary data were collected from the household survey; Key informant intervew and Focus group discation. Secondary data were reviewed from offices and published sources. Both descriptive and econometric model were used to analyze data collected SPSS version 20 and STATA 14.2 version software were used for data entry and analysis. Based on the study result 95.2% agreed the state of climate is changing, 90.4% reported decreasing rainfall, 93.9% indicate the increasing temperature. On the other hand, the households replied that extreme heat, drought, and increasing change in wind intensity, respectively. Moreover, time series data revealed that both mean rainfall and temperature were decreasing and increasing, respectively. The climate change impacts experienced by respondents in resulted reduced productivity/yield, increases pests/insects/diseases, use of traditional crop varieties decreased (, cropping pattern has changed , traditional irrigation sources like pond has reduced, and reduced cultivated land . Sample households agreed that climate change increased scarcity of forages, grass species composition, decreased productivity (mainly milk and its products), decreased livestock number, and shortage of drinking water availability. Moreover, results revealed, out of the total studied households(74.58%) agreed that climate change reduced income, while 69.17% believed it affected business items (increased price of food), and 26.34% reported climate change increased dependency on relief programs. The identified main adaptation strategies in response used by sample respondents were, crop diversification, improved crop varieties, reducing livestock number, tree plantation, crop rotation and intercropping, soil and conservations practices and non-farm incomes. According to marginal effects of MNL result the significantly determining factors for a choice of adaptation strategies were age, family size, education status of household, farm size, livestock ownership, extension service, access to credit service, climate change information and non-farm income of household. The study recommends that farmers, local government, and research institutitutions ought to work on collectivelly about the socio economic and institutional factors challenging farmers in the study area to encourage use of available opportunities to adapt and enhance their long term resilience to climate change.
ASSESSING LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN WEST BADEWACHO DISTRICT OF HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) KEBEDE BEKELE WOILEBO
It is evident that climate change is real and rural farm households are focusing on several livelihood diversification options in response to climate change. In the study area, West Badewacho, the change in climate shifted households to carry out different livelihood strategies. The main aim of this study is to investigate livelihood diversification of farm households in response to climate change in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were collected to address the research objectives. Both Simple random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were employed to collect the primary data from 147 household heads through interview; key informants interview, and focus group discussions. The secondary data were collected from Ethiopian National metrological agency. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics like mean, maximum, minimum, percentage and multinomial logit model by using SPSS version 20 and STATA 13 software. Four livelihood diversification strategies were identified in the study area. Those are on-farm only, on-farm and non-farm, on-farm and off-farm, and the combination of on-farm, non-farm and off-farm livelihood diversification strategies. Generally, from the total households about 34% of them are participated in on-farm and non-farm livelihood diversification strategies response to climate change and to pursue livelihood income. The result shows that a livelihood diversification strategy is significantly influenced by sex, education level, family size, farm land size, extension contact, credit access and saving habit. The most important practice to adapt climate change and variability is livelihood diversification in the study area.
CONTRIBUTION OF LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN BORICHA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2020) ASRAT ADISO LIMASA
Climate change remains the major threat for livelihood of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. This study addresses the contribution of livelihood diversification to climate change adaptation in Boricha woreda, Sidama zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select 185households. Primary data were collected using household surveys, key informant interview and focus group discussion. Secondary data were obtained from National Meteorological Agency (climatic data: rainfall and temperature for the period of 1981-2017), published and unpublished sources. Both descriptive statistics and multi-nominal logit model (MNL) were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the study revealed that 96.3% of sample household farmers in Boricha woreda are aware of the occurrence of climate change which manifests itself as changes in temperatures and precipitation patterns. About 89.5% of the farmers indicated temperature was increasing and 88.2% replied that the amount of rainfall was decreasing. Moreover, the finding of the meteorological data reveals that, the average temperature of the woreda shows an annual increment by 0.077oC in the past 36 years. Similarly, there is declining trend of annual rainfall (12.84mm) in the same period with higher inter seasonal variability. The study also revealed that, climate change has affected livelihood components of the community: resulted from low crop productivity (62.2%), crop disease incidence (58.4%), less pasture/grass for livestock (55.1%), loss of income (54.05%), livestock disease incidence (52.2%) and drying river (48.1%) causing increase in rural-urban migration. Consequently, households are forced to diversify their livelihood such as; crop livestock integration and other best practices (84%), agro forestry practices (55%), non-farm activities (31%), off-farm activities (22%), Change from farming to non-farming (9.7%), and migration (8%), while 6% of them still remain with their business as usual. Regarding the advantages gained from livelihood diversification under climate change; 76.7% of the households claimed that, the diversification has increased their income source, 57.8% ensured food security, 55.6% reduced environmental problem, 53.5%increased household asset and 47.5% reduced risk vulnerability. Results concerning factors affecting livelihood diversification: age, family size, education, farm size, livestock ownership, information about climate change and distance from market were found significantly at (p<0.05) affecting the probability of diversifying livelihood activities. Whereas sex, credit service, extension service and saving of households didn’t significantly affected the livelihood diversification in study area. Therefore, development practitioners should pay more attention to those factors which are significantly affecting livelihood diversification before any socioeconomic intervention measures endeavor.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF LEMO DISTRICT, HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) TEMESGEN DEFAR DOBAMO
Climate change is one of many challenges that negatively affect climate-dependent livelihoods. Agriculture in general and smallholder farming in particular is vulnerable to climate variability and change. The study area is potential for wheat and teff production, however, the yield is declining due to the climate change effect. This research aimed to assess the impacts of climate change on teff and wheat production and adaptation strategies implemented by the farmers in Lemo District, Hadiya Zone. This research designed to cross-sectional (one shot) and time series research methods were employed. For this purpose 150 respondents were selected using multy-stage sampling technique from three kebele’s. To collect data, interview schedule, key informant interview and focus group discussions instruments were implemented. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were employed to analyze the collected data. About 88.%) of the respondents have indicated that the rain fall amount has decreased during the last three decades. Similarly, the meteorology data confirmed that the annual rainfall is declining by a rate of 7.08 mm annually over the past 29 years. The mean annual rain fall was 1143.7 mm and coefficient of variance was 38.2% which means highly variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 69% of the respondent confirmed an increasing trend in temperature. According to the meteorology data, mean average temperature is increasing by 0.056oC per annum. The teff and wheat producing farmers also found to practice several adaptation options including crop diversification 38.7%, selecting drought tolerant crops 22.6%, planting dates adjustment 30.7%, practicing soil and water conservation 31.3%, and supplemental irrigation 14.7% in response to climate impact on crop production. The marginal multinomial logit model /MNL/ results indicated that the choice of adaptation options used by farmers were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by age, education, farm size, access to extension service, credit and climate information. The overall analysis leads to conclude that despite the presence of awareness on climate change and its likely effects on livelihoods of the farmers, development intervention at local level were not systematically designed to address the problems of the resource poor farmers with regard to climate change effect. Therefore, an urgent need to work on strengthening the existing awareness, and timely dissemination of climate information and introduction and promotion of suitable adaptation option, to overcome the impacts of climate change on crop production.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DYNAMICS ON AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN THE DIDESA RIVER CATCHMENT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) MELKAMU DIRIBA UJULU
Recently, the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) initiative has made multiple Regional Climate Models’ (RCMs') outputs available for end users across the African continent. But their accuracy has to be evaluated before running climate simulations in impact studies. Therefore, inthis study the impact of climate change projections on stream flow over the Didesa catchment of Abay basin were evaluated using three independent regional climate model. The performance of all models was assessed in differentstepwise approaches: First, the performance of the RCM simulation results were evaluated in Didesa catchment of Abay basin using bias, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Coefficient of Variation (CV). The second evaluation was based on the combined influence of corrected RCM simulated temperature and rainfall onhydrological simulations of mean stream flow under current (1989 2018) climatic data or condition. Then, the hydrological simulations of projected midi-term (2021–2050) and long-term (2051-2080) climate conditions were compared with the baseline with two emission scenariosof RepresentativeConcentration Pathways(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Findings of this study indicated that the annual rainfall bias of the models varies between 21.9% and 15%, suggesting high variation. Based on the finding, climate change studies may benefit from the use of multi model simulation. Biases of most of the models proved that correction for the systematic error of RCM outputs must be made before the model outputs could be utilized by users. Compared to the base line period, all the models indicated that the total annualrainfall increases in midterm period (2021-2050) and long term (2051-2080) as projected under the RCP4.5. In long-term periods, climate models predicted that a decrease in rainfall in all seasons of the year except for summer season under RCP8.5 scenario, where as rainfall is predicted to increase whencompared to the base line period. The stream flow projections are made for both periods in the future with two emission scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. On the other hand, RCMs outputs indicated that the maximum and minimum temperatures were projected to increase over the catchment for both future periods ofboth scenarios with largest increase under RCP8.5.Under all models of RCP8.5 in the midterm and long term periods, the change of mean annual temperature ranges from 1.56oC to +2.27oC and 0.43oC to +3.62oC,respectively. From the stream flow projection relative to the baseline period, the change in mean annual stream flow from both future period are mostly positive,indicating increase in available discharge in the river under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Flow duration curves showed that there is the probability of occurrence of high flows in both future periods under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios relative to the baseline period. The overall conclusion of the study is that Didesa catchment of Abay basin is likely to experiencemore flowin the future than baseline period .
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON RURAL HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR COPING MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF KACHA BIRRA WOREDA, KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, ETHIOPIA.
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) TESFAHUN TESSEMA TAFESSE
Drought is one of the most devastating weather phenomena that has negatively affected Ethiopia over the decades. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on rural households and their coping mechanisms in Kacha Birra woreda, Kembata Tembero, Zone SNNPR, Ethiopia. Primary data, both of qualitative and quantitative types were collected sample households, focus group discussions (FGDs), and Key informants. A total of 292 sample households were selected from three sample kebles for individual interviews. Secondary data was collected from relevant line offices, the CSA and the woreda Meteorology Office. Descriptive statics, weighted average index, and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data .The results indicated that a decline in Crop yield was the most widely reported effects of drought with a weighted average index of 2.16. Among identified drought coping mechanisms, sale of household assets was the most widely reported while cultivating drought-resistant and short-season crops were the least reported ones. The findings from the multiple linear regression model showed that the household's drought coping mechanism is influenced by age, education, farm size, annual household income and access to credit influenced the coping mechanisms of the households in the study area. It is recommended that sustainable adaptation options and involvement of different institutional interventions are crucial to minimize and address the recurrent cycle of drought in the study area.
SMALLHOLDERFARMERS’PERCEPTIONSANDADAPTATIONSTRATEGIESTO CLIMATECHANGE:THECASEOFSHEBEDINOWOREDA,SIDAMANATIONAL REGIONALSTATE
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) DEGEFUDAFURSANARAMO
Climate change remains a major threat for small holder living and sustainable management of natural resources in Ethiopia. Adaptation strategies vary contextually and spatially within communities and even among individuals, so that a given adaptation measures do not necessarily translate from one area to another area. The presentstudywasanattempttounderstandanddocumentthesmallholderfarmers’ perception and adaptation strategi es to climate change in Shebedino Woreda of Sidama NationalRegionalState.Thestudyemployedmixeddesignwhichwascarried-outby usingqualitati veandquantitativedescri ptions.Amultistagesamplingprocedurewas vestatisti usedtoselect145studysamplesanddatawerecollectedthroughhouseholdsurvey, focusgroupdiscussion,andkeyinformantinterview.Datawereanalyzedusing descripti cs,andmultinomiallogisti cregressionmodel.Theresultsrevealed thatmajority(84. 02and78.31%)ofthestudiedfarmersinWoina-DegaandDegaagro ecologicalzonesrespecti velywerewellawareoftheexistenceofclimatechangein theirlocal ity.I nassociationwithcli agro-ecol matechangethefarmersofWoina-DegaandDega ogyhasexperiencedrainfal lhasdecreased,increasi ngtemperature,extended dryseasonleadtodrought,dryspellfrequencyi ncreased,increasei infestati npestsanddisease onasaresultofhighhumidity,heavywindwhichcanaffectthefieldcrop, dryingofriversandstreams,anddi storti onanddestructionofwildl ifeecosystemsasa resultofdeforestati on.Amongtheunderlingfactorstowhichsuchachangeis attri vity,l butedtoincludesthechangeinstateofclimatehasresultedinreductionof livestockproducti ow cropproductivity,lesspasture/grassforlivestock, fail ure,increasedcompetiti onforfertil eland,increasi crop ngscarcityofnaturalresources (changeinforestandbiodi versity),abandonmentoftradi tionalacti changeinwateravailabil ityforcropandlivestock,andi viti es,lossofincome, ncreasedrural-urbanmi gration forthefarmersofWoina-degaandDegaagro-ecologicalzones.Thestudyrevealsthat smallholderfarmersareadj ustingthei rselftothepercei vedimpactsofclimatechange. Theadaptationstrategi esusedwere:droughttolerantcropvarieti es/li vestockspecie
THE CONTRIBUTION OF FARM PLOT LEVEL TRADITIONAL HOME GARDEN AGROFORESTRY TO INCOME GENERATION IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAWASSA ZURIA DISTRICT OF SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) BIZUNEH ABERA
The climate of Ethiopia is characterized by high variability in annual, seasonal and spatial distributions. This study assessed the contribution of farm plot level traditional home-garden agroforestry to income generation for the local community in Hawassa Zuria district under the existing climate condition.Both simple random sampling and purposive sampling have been used to get 134 households from traditional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary and 134 households from non-home-garden agroforestry beneficiary totally 268 sample respondents were interviewed. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected by interviewing 268 smallholder male and female household heads, focus group discussions and key informants. Secondary data were collected from documents reviews, journals, published and unpublished materials. These data were presented and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as table, crosstabs, Chi-square test, independent t-test by using SPSS version 20. Information from the surrounding weather station indicated that the maximum temperature of Hawassa Zuria district for the past 30 years has increased by about 0.028OC annually, while average minimum temperature has increased by 0.063 OC. The coefficient of variation of rainfall in the study area were 15.84%, 21.19%, and 29.63% for annual, kiremit and belg rainfall respectively, which indicate that there was high inter-annual variability of rainfall between 1991-2020. In agreement, a climate change perception survey indicated that about 89.6% of households (practicing traditional home-garden agroforestry) and 81.3% (practicing non-home-garden agroforestry households heard and believed that there is climate change in the study area. The comparative analysis of income level between traditional home-garden agroforestry and non-traditional home-garden agroforestry households was 4,677.71±1985.04 and 2,627.79±1095.02 Birr, respectively.The independent t-test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the income between traditional home-garden agroforestry and non-traditional home-garden agroforestry in the study area (p<0.05), implying traditional home-garden agroforestry is better than non-traditional agroforestry to minimize the effects of climate change related shocks at household levels. This is associated with high diversity in agroforestry that leads to increased production throughout the year, provides immediate fresh food for sale and household consumption, reduces cost of purchasing fertilizer, use of fruits to reduce frequency requests for meals and avoid hunger especially for children. traditional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary households with more income, have a higher ability to cope in case of climate shock than non-tradititional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary households. The great role of traditional home-garden agroforestry is sensitivity reduction and increasing resilience of farmers to effects of climate variability is through increasing fuel-woodstock on a farm, reducing erosion intensity, increasing income and assets such as trees, livestock, and crop production. Therefore traditional home-garden agroforestry participant households have more assets and annual income, less sensitivity and have better resilience to climate variability compared to the non-home-garden agroforestry participant households. Distribute and plant suitable multipurpose tree species including fruit tree seedlings to the farmers in order to increase income and resist the effect of climate change risk. Households who are not involved in home-garden agroforestry activities and those who lack knowledge on the benefits of home-garden agroforestry should be given special consideration in raising awareness(mini-workshop and agricultural extension methods)
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ONMAIZE (Zea mays L.) YIELD AND LOCAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN DAMOT-WOYDE DISTRICT, SOUTHERNETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) DAMTEW DATTA
The main objective of this research was to evaluate climate change impacts on maize productivity in Damot-woyde district of Wolayta Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study investigates and addresses the likely occurrences of climate change on maize productivity. It was explained by future pattern of rainfall and temperature and its impact on maize yield. The existing knowledge and perception of farmers about climate change and adaptation used was assessed. The research methodology was used by employing CORDEX-Africa for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios of climate model projected data, Aqua Crop model simulation and yield projection using projected rainfall and temperature data and questionnaire based assessment of community perception and adaptations used. The climate data used was near-term (2019-2048) and mid term (2049-2078) projection for rainfall and temperature. The data was quality checked, biased corrected and evaluated with real data and statistical significances. Aqua Crop model maize simulation was verified by Central Statistical Agency yield data. The projected rainfall pattern shows a decrease by 3.7 mm/annual and increase by 4.6 mm/annual under RCP 4.5 for near and mid-term respectively projected to increase by 2.6 mm/annual and decrease by 2 mm/annual under RCP 8.5 for near and mid-term, respectively. Maximum temperature projected to increase by 0.004 and 0.0170-C/ annual for near and mid-term under RCP4.5 respectively. It is projected to increase by 0.024 and 0.0260-C/annual in near and mid-term under RCP 8.5 respectively. Future projected biomass and grain yield of maize is expected to decrease by 0.07 biomass and by 0.05 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 4.5 from near to mid-term while, it is projected to decrease by 0.1 biomass and 0.15 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 8.5 from near to mid-term. The community adaptation used to combat climate change effects shows that, the smaller holder farmers have somehow good knowledge of existing climate condition and climate change. In addition, some smaller holder farmers has been engaged in practice of climate change adaptation strategies but being come across with different challenges. Therefore, the study recommended the capacity building and supporting smaller holder farmers in regard to climate change adaptation strategies to enables them to cope-up the possible challenges.
Effect of Climate Variability and Change on Crop production and Adaptation Strategies of Farming Community in Aleta Wondo Woreda, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) MARU KONTE BETA
Climate change poses huge challenges to the global economy and to social development. Especially, Africa is highly vulnerable to the potential effects of climate change, while Ethiopia is often cited as one of the most vulnerable and with the least capacity to respond and adapt. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of climate variability and change on crop production and adaptation strategies employed by the farmers in Aleta Wondo woreda. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of 188 sample households. Primary data were collected by survey, interviews and focus group discussions, while, the secondary data were accessed from National Meteorological Agency and Woreda Agricultural offices. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multinomial logit (MNL) model was used to identify factors influencing farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change. The results showed that, 93.1% of respondents perceived decreasing trends of rainfall and 98.4% of the respondents reported temperature was increasing. However, according to the data obtained from NMA, the trend of RF was increasing by the rate of 2.035mm per annum. The effects of climate change were responsible to reduction of crop productivity, partial crop losses, increased pest incidence, and reduced production area. The highest correlation values of crop yield with the belg rainfall at (p≤0.01)) were observed. From the total households 25% of the sample households were practicing crop diversification as adaptation strategy in crop production. Adaptation strategies considered in the MNL model analysis for crop production were crop diversification, soil and water conservation, planting trees, using improved seeds, growing drought resistance crop varieties and changing planting date; Age, education, family size, of household, climate information, extension and credit services are factors that contribute different levels of adaptive capacity within the community. In conclusion the study indicated that small changes in rainfall patterns can result in significant effect on the livelihoods of the farming community. Therefore, the need to strengthen adaptation options, importance of resources and appropriate and timely information on future climate change so as to alert them to take appropriate averting actions are important
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICES OF THEIR ADAPTATION PRACTICES: THE CASE OF LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) NIGATU TUNSISA TUMICHA
Climate change has currently been recognized across disciplines and groups of people as a serious challenge facing societies today. This study was motivated by the fact that smallholder farming as part of the broader agricultural sector locally affected by climate change while contributing to food security, economic growth and employment provision particularly in study area. This study sought to analyze Smallholder Farmers Perception of Climate Change and Factors Affecting Choices of Their Adaptation Practices: The case of Loka Abaya Woreda, Sidama Region. It further aimed to identify small holder farmers’ perception on climate change, adaptation practices to CC at farm level and to analyze factors affecting adoption of different adaptation strategies by small holder farmers. The study used cross sectional survey design to accomplish the study. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 148 sample respondents. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to while collecting study data. To collect the required data household survey, FGDs, and KIIs were used from primary data sources. Furthermore the study collected secondary data sources from published and unpublished materials. Descriptive statistics and econometric model was used to analyze the objectives of the study. The finding of study indicated that the state of climate of the area has been changing when a comparison is made with over 30 years based on perceptions of smallholder farmers, local elders, local leaders and experts. Most of the interviewed small holder farmers had experienced the change in climate; fully aware that temperature is getting warmer, rainfall has decreased, occurrence of drought, rainfall starting latter, unpredictable rainfall, and risk of crop and livestock diseases have increased due to climate change. This had impacted crop production through crop failure and reduced yield. Furthermore, other major losses incurred due to climate change could be ordered sequentially as livestock productivity decreased, crop area reduced, income reduced, high food costs, and river run off decreased, crop/ animal disease outbreaks, plant species decreased/loss , dependency on relief increased (food insecurity) as the other impacts of climate change, respectively. The main farming’s adaptation strategies to CC used by smallholder farmers in Loka abaya woreda were found to be: crop diversification, diversifying sources of livelihood, planting/keeping drought tolerant crops/livestock, use of agro-forestry and reforestation/ afforestation as the main climate change adaptation strategy in the study area. Other important climate change adaptation strategies used by the farmers in the study areas include: Soil and water conservation techniques, use of irrigation system/water storage, changing planting dates, incomes from remittances, and out migration from climate risk areas. The findings of multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) explained that out of eleven selected variables, six of them (age, family size, farm size, education, contact with extension personnel, access to credit service ,attaining information on climate change and distance from market) were statistically significant factors that affect small holder farmers use of adaptation strategies to climate change in study area. The study, therefore, recommends, local governments, research institutions and farmers needed to be mainstreamed and institutional networks strengthened in order for effective and stable small holder farmers based adaptation practice to inevitable climate change.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L) PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF THE FARMING COMMUNITY IN HAWASSA ZURIA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) TIMOTIWOS MICHAEL DIDISO
Climate change which is one of the challenges facing the world and is increasingly affecting peoples’ food security and livelihood specially in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research assessed the impacts of climate change and variability on Maize production and adaptation strategies of the farming community in Hawassa Zuria Woreda. The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select study area. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys with 184 households. Similarly, secondary data were collected from NMA and HZWANO. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, Mann Kendall trend test, MNL, ASI and SPI were used to analyze the collected data. According to the survey results, about 81% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long-term recorded rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is increasing by the rate of 2.216 mm annually over the past 33 years despite statistically non-significant. The mean annual rainfall was 968.5mm with 14% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 85.30% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis of long-term recorded data by NMA that indicated the mean average minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.062 oC and 0.028 oC per annum respectively. The data obtained from HZWANO and NMA also showed that, the rainfall of the spring (Belg) season was positive and significantly correlated with Maize production. However, negative relationship was observed between long-term maximum temperature and Maize production. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation measures include; using improved crop variety, mixed crop livestock system, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, adjusting planting date and income diversification activities. The marginal effects of MNL model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, monthly income and livestock ownership, whereas; sex, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience did not have significant impact. Therefore, to increase and sustain farmers Maize productivity under changing climatic conditions; improving the agricultural production policy measures like: developing drought resistant crop varieties, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation measures such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.
ASSEMET OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IMPACTSE ON WHEAT PRODACTION, FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTAION STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF DOYOGENA WOREDA FARMING COMMUNITIES OF KAMBATA-TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) MULUGETA GEBRE
Climate variability has adversely affected the livelihoods of people in developing countries where a large proportion of the population is heavily dependent on agriculture. Severe and repeated rise in temperature and rainfall failures caused loss of crops and livestock which resulted in food insecurity in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess farmers’ perception on climate variability, its impacts and adaptation strategies in Doyogena District.The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select study area. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys with 181 households. Similarly, secondary data were collected from NMA and DWARDO. Descriptive statistics, MNL and SPI were used to analyze the collected data. According to the survey results, about 83% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long-term recorded 1996-2019 rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is decreasing by the rate of –6.56 annually over the past 24 years. The mean annual rainfall was 1164.19mm with 11.5% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 84.70% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis from 1996-2019 recorded data by NMA that indicated the mean minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.074ºC and 0.021ºC per annum respectively. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation strategies include; using improved crop variety, mixed crop livestock system, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, adjusting planting date and income diversification activities. The marginal effects of MNL model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, monthly income and livestock ownership, whereas; sex, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience. Therefore, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation strategies such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.
ADOPTION OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICE AROUND LAKE HAWASSA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) ENDALE ESRAEL
Ethiopia is promoting SWC technologies for improving agricultural productivity, climate change adaptation, household food security and rural livelihoods. The effectiveness of these SWC practices that are alleged to enhance productivity is very important in order to evaluate their performance in reducing land degradation and rehabilitating the land. The major concern of this study is to analyze the adoption of soil and water conservation practice around Lake Hawassa. The data were collected from 150 farmers residing in 3 Kebeles that are randomly selected from 25 rural Kebeles where soil and water conservation have been introduced and widely implemented. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used to have reliable information. The basic data used for this study were collected from Sample households, focus group participants and key informants through structured questionnaire and semi-structured checklists. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as mean, frequency, percentages, tables, Chi-square and t-test and inferential statistical tools such as binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regression models. The survey data identified that out of the total (150) households, 100 (66.7%) were being adopted SWC activities in their lands while the rest 50 (33.3) households didn’t adopted SWC. The Chi-square result showed that sex, marital status, level of education, credit access and extension services were affects SWC positively and statistically at 5% significant level and the t-test result showed that age and land size affects SWC positively and statistically at 5% significant level. The logistic regression model showed that advisory services, training on SWC, number of family size and education level significantly influences adoption of SWC measure in the study area. The comparative analysis of maize production showed 17.5508 quintals average yield increment in case of SWC adopting households as compared to non-adopter during 2020/2021 production season. The results revealed positive relationships between total yield of maize and labor, seed, land, and oxen (draft access). Based on this result, labor and land are the most significant factors of maize production among SWC adopters. As more of these factors of production (land and labor) are used increasingly, there will exist more maize yield among the adopter households. This increased crop yield as a result introduction of SWC to farmer’s farm also enhanced their income, achieving food security and livelihood in the study area. The researcher recommends, the stakeholders need to work jointly to improve the farmer’s access to SWC training service, and provide different advisory services while promoting SWC technologies among small holders in the study area.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L) PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN HAWASSA ZURIA DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) KORMA GIDESSA
Climate change which is one of the challenges facing the world and is increasingly affecting peoples’ food security and livelihood specially in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research assessed the impact of climate change on Maize production and adaptation strategies of the farmers in Hawassa Zuria district, Sidama regional state of Ethiopia. The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive and random sampling procedures were used to select study area and respondents respectively. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys. Similarly, secondary data were collected from National Metrology Agency and District agriculture office. Descriptive statistics, correlation, Multinomial logit model, Adaptation Strategy Index and Standardized Precipitation Index were used to analyse the collected data. According to the survey results, about 66.1% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long term recorded rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is increasing by the rate of 3.65 mm annually over the past 30 years. The mean annual rainfall was 968.5mm with 14% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 85.30% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis of long-term recorded data by National Metrology Agency that indicated the mean average minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.062 oC and 0.028 oC per annum respectively. The data obtained from National Metrology Agency and Woreda agriculture office also showed that, the rainfall of the annual and summer (Kremit) season were positive and significantly correlated with Maize production. However, negative relationship was observed between long-term maximum temperature and Maize production. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation measures include; using improved crop variety and livestock species, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, change date planting, use agroforestry and income source diversification activities. The marginal effects of Multinomial logit model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, yearly income, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience , whereas; sex, did not have significant impact. Therefore, to increase and sustain farmers Maize productivity under changing climatic conditions; improving the agricultural production policy measures like: developing drought resistant crop varieties, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation measures such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.