Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/320

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End date: 2019

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    PERCEPTIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ON POTENTIAL ROLES OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHNGE ADADPTATION IN LOKA ABAYA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2018) YOHANNES BATISO
    The study assessed the Perceptions of smallholder farmers on the potential roles of conservation agriculture (CA) for food security and adaptation to climate change. A combination of multi stage purposive and simple random sampling techniques was employed to get a total of 144 sample respondents’. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected by interviewing 144 smallholder household heads, focus group discussions which had total of 10 focus groups with 2 focus group in each Kebeles having 6 household head members in each group, and 32 key informants, which included 10 DAs, 20 elders and 2 officials from district. The secondary data were collected from National Metrological Agency of Ethiopia for 30 years. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, Chi-square and independent T-test to identify variables that vary significantly between groups and Econometrics such as binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regressions by SPSS version 20. To assess the contribution of CA on food security among smallholder households, the study compared estimated production function between adopters and non- adopters of CA by using Cob-Douglas production function. Secondly, the study used descriptive statistics to assess the roles of CA on climate change adaptation and finally, a binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors that affected the adoption of CA among smallholder farmers. The results showed significant difference in the number of years of schooling, availability of CA training, and access to extension services, soil fertility status, and availability of CA incentives among interviewed households. The results revealed that adoption of CA technology improved household’s maize productivity by 45% than those who practiced non-CA. Cobb-Douglas production estimates showed that CA adopters had more than 45% higher maize productivity than that of non-adopters. In addition, there were greater than proportionate unit increases in maize yield with unit increase in land size and labor among CA adopters. According to the reports of respondents, CA enhanced adaptation capacity to the impacts of climate change for adopter than non adopters by increasing soil fertility, reducing production costs (cost of labor and chemical fertilizer) by 94.5%, reducing soil erosion by 80.6%, enhancing soil moisture saving capacity by97.2%, increasing yield and improving crop resilience to the impacts of climate change by 75% in the study area. From the binary logistic regression model results, access to CA training, increase in the number of extension visits, availability of CA incentives, increase in soil fertility increased the adoption of CA technology by 86.98%, 24.8%, 21.1% and 7.0% respectively. The study recommends that there should be improvement in the access to informal elder education, informal training and field demonstration to improve and enhance the acquisition and understanding of CA technology components. Furthermore, adopter households who had better extension service have 45% greater maize yield, 90.3% of them have year round available food stock and 80.6% of them feed themselves three to four times per a day compared to non adopters households and this also helped them to adapt to climate change, to be food secured, and for this reason, there should be increase in good extension services in the promotion and dissemination of CA technology. This can be achieved by increasing number of extension workers operating in the areas and increase number of demonstrations when introducing CA technology to farmers.
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    EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND THEIR ADAPTATION MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF ADAMI TULU JIDO KOMBOLCHA DISTRICT, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2018) ABDISSA HATEW
    Climate change is a major challenge for agriculture, food security and rural livelihoods for many of people in the area. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers and theirs adaptation mechanisms. The study was conducted in four rural kebeles of Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative (descriptive statistics and binary logit model) methods of data analysis. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 200 sample households through interview and focus group discussion. Relevant secondary data were also obtained from National Meteorological Agency (NMA), other governmental offices, and the internet. The results obtained from the analysis of three decades meteorological data and the respondents’ perception on local climate change indicate an overall increase in temperature and high variability in belg and kiremt rainfalls. Local people perceived climate change induced hazards as increasing in terms of the occurrences of frequent drought, extreme heat, livestock disease and crop yield reduction. The findings also reveal that some elements of climate (temperature and rainfall) show annual and seasonal variability with slightly increasing trend. It is found that higher temperature and decreasing precipitation levels caused by climate change depresses crop yields and livestock production. The findings indicate that climate change has led to changing the planting time, declined crop yield and decreasing livestock production. The results of binary logit model analysis identified that age, sex, education level, TLU, number of oxen, farm size, off farm activities, distance to Farmers’ Training Centre and distance to market are the major determinants of households livelihoods as a measure of farmers food security. Changing planting date, implementing soil and water conservation techniques, use of improved crop varieties, use of irrigation and growing drought tolerant crops are the major adaptation mechanism employed by the farmers to adapt to climate change in the study area. In livestock production, farmers are found to decrease livestock numbers by selling the older ones, diversify livestock holdings and practice transhumance. Lack of awareness, shortage of money, poor information, shortage of land, lack or low access to irrigation, poor access to market, no or low access to credit, low access to agricultural inputs and low access to extension service as most important barriers to adaptation.
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    SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE CASE OF ANGACHA DISTRICT IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, EHIOPIA.
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) YOHANNES GABORE JOFE
    Ethiopia is one of the agrarian countries in Africa dominated by subsistence farming which is highly susceptible to climate change. This study was therefore aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ perception and its impacts and adaptation strategies followed to reduce vulnerability to climate change in the study area. The data was collected from 124 sample farmers using a questionnaire survey, FGD and key informative which were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and Multinomial logit model. Major adaptation options were drought tolerant crops, changing planting date, integrating crops with livestock, income source diversification and soil and water conservation practices. The general scenario temperature and rainfalls data result indicates increases temperature and decreases of rainfalls in study area. The result from the multinomial logit analysis showed that age, education, farm experience, farm size, livestock holding, access to climate information, access of extension service, access to credit, and access of irrigation water are significance factors influencing to farmers’ adaptation strategies. Farmers perceived the most important barriers to adaptation were lack of forecasting climate information, shortage of land, lack of credit access, lack of money, lack of extension service, poor potential for irrigation. Therefore, future policy should focus on adaptation strategies through awareness creation, the establishment of meteorology station at district level, mass media and extensions services, access to credit and enhancing research on it.
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    EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: ADAPTATIVE STRATEGIES IN TELTELLE DISTRICT OF BORANA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) GALMA HALAKE HUKA
    This study focused on effects of climate change on livestock production and adaptation strategies practiced by the pastoralists in Teltelle district. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze trends of rainfall and temperature data, to assess effects of climatic factors on livestock production, rangeland condition and adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists of the district. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of 185 sample households, six focus group discussions (each focus group discussions had 8 individual members), and 13 key informants. Primary data were collected using surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. Secondary data were obtained from Ethiopia National Meteorological Agency, Addis Ababa, and District Livestock Resource Development Office. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Long term trends of rainfall and temperature data were analyzed by linear trend analysis. Standard Precipitation index and Coefficient of Variation were used to analyze rainfall deficit and variability. Relationship between climate data and livestock population were analyzed by regression and correlation analysis. Climatic factors that affect livestock production and rangeland condition were analyzed using rank index method. Multinomial logit model was also used to analyze determinants of adaptation choice of herders. 90.9% and 87.9% of household respondents perceived decreasing trend of rainfall and increasing of temperature respectively. Thirty six years trend of annual rainfall decreasing by -0.7639mm per annual and mean annual minimum temperature increasing by 0.01680C. The 18 years of annual rainfall were below average (507.81+103.73mm) while 14 years categorized as drought years. Coefficient of Variation of main rainy season (31.97%) and short rainy season (33.9%) were highly variable but annual rainfall (20.43%) was moderately variable. The highest correlation values of livestock population were with the main rainy season (r = 0.855). Major factors affected livestock productions in the district were shortage of feeds, shortage of water and recurrent drought, while variability of rainfall, bush encroachment and flood affected availability and quality of feeds. 92.5% of sample households practiced adaptive strategies while 7.5% did not. Livestock mobility, livestock diversification, area enclosures and hay making were major adaptation strategies practiced by herders. The basic barriers to climate change adaptation were lack of capital, lack of information and reduction in number of livestock per households. In conclusion, rainfall variability and high drought frequency in the district affected livestock production, feed availability and quality, and reduced effectiveness of adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists. Therefore, future policy better focus on improving water source management, improving livestock management, improving rangeland management, and encouraging the adaptation strategies applied by pastoralists.
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    EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, FEED RESOURCES AND RELATED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN BORICHA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) EYOB MARUFA WOBISA
    Effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and related adaptation strategies were conducted in Boricha District, Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia with the objective of assessing effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and adaptation strategies practiced by farmers in mixed farming system of Southern Ethiopia. Purposive and systematic random sampling techniques were used for selection of sample Kebeles and household, respectively, for the formal survey. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model. The study also used 36 years rainfall and temperature data to look over the trends of local climate variability and change. According to the of trend analysis, both the maximum and minimum temperature of the study areas showed an increasing and the rain fall shows decreasing trend with high variability in the last four decades. About 88.4% of farmers perceived that the climate in their local environment was changed over years. Major causes of climate change were both human activities and natural process as 67.1% of respondents perceived. Many of the farmers perceived that climate change greatly affected their livestock production over time. The result of survey shown that climate change is pressing issue now a day, its consequences on livestock feed, and water availability, diseases outbreak and livestock production and productivity were negative. Most of farmers in the study area perceived that due to the effect of climate change, livestock feed (93.8%) and, water availability (92.5%) were reduced and diseases outbreak was increased (85%). The evidence for existence of climate change in the study area were reduction in rainfall amount, increasing environmental temperature, decrease in water sources and livestock feed, outbreak of new livestock diseases and drought occurrence. Different adaptation mechanisms practiced by the farmers in the study area to adapt the impact of climate change were feed and water storage for livestock for dry period, temporal migration to Lake Hawassa, River Bilate, Loka Abaya area and to other places in searching of pasture and water, herd diversification by rearing mixed livestock i.e. small and large ruminants together, livelihood shifting, and rearing drought tolerant species of livestock. The result of multinomial logit model indicate that sex, education, family size, farm size, access to extension service and climate information were the major determinant factors that affect the choice of adaptation option of farmers in the study area. Effect of climate change on growth performance and some of reproductive performance of livestock needs further research since there is no record on growth and reproductive performance of livestock in small-scale traditional production system.