Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/320
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Item SMALLHOLDER FARMERS‟ STRATEGIES TOWARDS COPPING WITH THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAIZE CROP PRODUCTION IN KEDIDA GAMELA WOREDA ,KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA.(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) MEHARU GENETOThis study was conducted Small holder farmers strategies towards copping with the effect of climate change on maize crop in Kedida Gamela Woreda ,Kembata Tembaro Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia » Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, group discussions and household surveys with 164 sample respondent households. Both descriptive and inferential (multinomial logit model ) statistics were used to analyze the collected data. According to the result shows about (85.4%) of the respondents have perceived high rainfall amount reduction while 11.6%respondents perceived moderate reduction of rainfall. such rainfall reduction perception by farmers has been confirmed by meteorological data record of the past 30 years. Average annual rainfall of the area has been declined by the rate of 2.269 mm annually. Similarly, 100 % of interviewed farmers said that temperature showed an increasing trend. According to the meteorological data for past 20 years showed that average temperature of the kedida GamelaWoreda was 20.63°C,with minimum temperature of 15.3 °C. And maximum temperature of 25.95°C.The same data confirmed that there is average mean annual temperature increment by 0.13°c. The multinomial logit model results reviled that he most common adaptation strategies practiced by farmers include planting of drought resistant maize crop variety, early maturing maize crop variety, early planting of maize crop variety, high yielding maize crop varieties implementing small scale irrigation practices, fertilizer application of animal manure. The result also indicates that ,age, family size, land size, education, farming experience and climate information are factors affecting household’s choice of maize adaptations strategies in the study area. In the study area the amount of rainfall shows decreasing pattern and temperature increasing for last years. Therefore government should take responsibility for further plan and encourage an effective implementation of an alternative strategies that can minimize the dependency on limited variety of maize crops and take responsibility on appropriate climate change and variability adaptation strategies such as, using of drought resistant maize crop varieties, high yielding maize crop varieties, early maturing maize crop varieties, according to the season early planting of maize crop varieties, practicing water harvesting technology and irrigation practices. And government should provide farmers with extension services, moreover, ensuring credit facilities to enhance farmers’ access to credit, which will increase their capability to adapt climate change.Item IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ONMAIZE (Zea mays L.) YIELD AND LOCAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN DAMOT-WOYDE DISTRICT, SOUTHERNETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) DAMTEW DATTAThe main objective of this research was to evaluate climate change impacts on maize productivity in Damot-woyde district of Wolayta Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study investigates and addresses the likely occurrences of climate change on maize productivity. It was explained by future pattern of rainfall and temperature and its impact on maize yield. The existing knowledge and perception of farmers about climate change and adaptation used was assessed. The research methodology was used by employing CORDEX-Africa for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios of climate model projected data, Aqua Crop model simulation and yield projection using projected rainfall and temperature data and questionnaire based assessment of community perception and adaptations used. The climate data used was near-term (2019-2048) and mid term (2049-2078) projection for rainfall and temperature. The data was quality checked, biased corrected and evaluated with real data and statistical significances. Aqua Crop model maize simulation was verified by Central Statistical Agency yield data. The projected rainfall pattern shows a decrease by 3.7 mm/annual and increase by 4.6 mm/annual under RCP 4.5 for near and mid-term respectively projected to increase by 2.6 mm/annual and decrease by 2 mm/annual under RCP 8.5 for near and mid-term, respectively. Maximum temperature projected to increase by 0.004 and 0.0170-C/ annual for near and mid-term under RCP4.5 respectively. It is projected to increase by 0.024 and 0.0260-C/annual in near and mid-term under RCP 8.5 respectively. Future projected biomass and grain yield of maize is expected to decrease by 0.07 biomass and by 0.05 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 4.5 from near to mid-term while, it is projected to decrease by 0.1 biomass and 0.15 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 8.5 from near to mid-term. The community adaptation used to combat climate change effects shows that, the smaller holder farmers have somehow good knowledge of existing climate condition and climate change. In addition, some smaller holder farmers has been engaged in practice of climate change adaptation strategies but being come across with different challenges. Therefore, the study recommended the capacity building and supporting smaller holder farmers in regard to climate change adaptation strategies to enables them to cope-up the possible challenges.Item THE CONTRIBUTION OF FARM PLOT LEVEL TRADITIONAL HOME GARDEN AGROFORESTRY TO INCOME GENERATION IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAWASSA ZURIA DISTRICT OF SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) BIZUNEH ABERAThe climate of Ethiopia is characterized by high variability in annual, seasonal and spatial distributions. This study assessed the contribution of farm plot level traditional home-garden agroforestry to income generation for the local community in Hawassa Zuria district under the existing climate condition.Both simple random sampling and purposive sampling have been used to get 134 households from traditional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary and 134 households from non-home-garden agroforestry beneficiary totally 268 sample respondents were interviewed. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected by interviewing 268 smallholder male and female household heads, focus group discussions and key informants. Secondary data were collected from documents reviews, journals, published and unpublished materials. These data were presented and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as table, crosstabs, Chi-square test, independent t-test by using SPSS version 20. Information from the surrounding weather station indicated that the maximum temperature of Hawassa Zuria district for the past 30 years has increased by about 0.028OC annually, while average minimum temperature has increased by 0.063 OC. The coefficient of variation of rainfall in the study area were 15.84%, 21.19%, and 29.63% for annual, kiremit and belg rainfall respectively, which indicate that there was high inter-annual variability of rainfall between 1991-2020. In agreement, a climate change perception survey indicated that about 89.6% of households (practicing traditional home-garden agroforestry) and 81.3% (practicing non-home-garden agroforestry households heard and believed that there is climate change in the study area. The comparative analysis of income level between traditional home-garden agroforestry and non-traditional home-garden agroforestry households was 4,677.71±1985.04 and 2,627.79±1095.02 Birr, respectively.The independent t-test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the income between traditional home-garden agroforestry and non-traditional home-garden agroforestry in the study area (p<0.05), implying traditional home-garden agroforestry is better than non-traditional agroforestry to minimize the effects of climate change related shocks at household levels. This is associated with high diversity in agroforestry that leads to increased production throughout the year, provides immediate fresh food for sale and household consumption, reduces cost of purchasing fertilizer, use of fruits to reduce frequency requests for meals and avoid hunger especially for children. traditional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary households with more income, have a higher ability to cope in case of climate shock than non-tradititional home-garden agroforestry beneficiary households. The great role of traditional home-garden agroforestry is sensitivity reduction and increasing resilience of farmers to effects of climate variability is through increasing fuel-woodstock on a farm, reducing erosion intensity, increasing income and assets such as trees, livestock, and crop production. Therefore traditional home-garden agroforestry participant households have more assets and annual income, less sensitivity and have better resilience to climate variability compared to the non-home-garden agroforestry participant households. Distribute and plant suitable multipurpose tree species including fruit tree seedlings to the farmers in order to increase income and resist the effect of climate change risk. Households who are not involved in home-garden agroforestry activities and those who lack knowledge on the benefits of home-garden agroforestry should be given special consideration in raising awareness(mini-workshop and agricultural extension methods)Item EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON RURAL HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR COPING MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF KACHA BIRRA WOREDA, KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, ETHIOPIA.(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) TESFAHUN TESSEMA TAFESSEDrought is one of the most devastating weather phenomena that has negatively affected Ethiopia over the decades. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on rural households and their coping mechanisms in Kacha Birra woreda, Kembata Tembero, Zone SNNPR, Ethiopia. Primary data, both of qualitative and quantitative types were collected sample households, focus group discussions (FGDs), and Key informants. A total of 292 sample households were selected from three sample kebles for individual interviews. Secondary data was collected from relevant line offices, the CSA and the woreda Meteorology Office. Descriptive statics, weighted average index, and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data .The results indicated that a decline in Crop yield was the most widely reported effects of drought with a weighted average index of 2.16. Among identified drought coping mechanisms, sale of household assets was the most widely reported while cultivating drought-resistant and short-season crops were the least reported ones. The findings from the multiple linear regression model showed that the household's drought coping mechanism is influenced by age, education, farm size, annual household income and access to credit influenced the coping mechanisms of the households in the study area. It is recommended that sustainable adaptation options and involvement of different institutional interventions are crucial to minimize and address the recurrent cycle of drought in the study area.Item IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DYNAMICS ON AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN THE DIDESA RIVER CATCHMENT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) MELKAMU DIRIBA UJULURecently, the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) initiative has made multiple Regional Climate Models’ (RCMs') outputs available for end users across the African continent. But their accuracy has to be evaluated before running climate simulations in impact studies. Therefore, inthis study the impact of climate change projections on stream flow over the Didesa catchment of Abay basin were evaluated using three independent regional climate model. The performance of all models was assessed in differentstepwise approaches: First, the performance of the RCM simulation results were evaluated in Didesa catchment of Abay basin using bias, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Coefficient of Variation (CV). The second evaluation was based on the combined influence of corrected RCM simulated temperature and rainfall onhydrological simulations of mean stream flow under current (1989 2018) climatic data or condition. Then, the hydrological simulations of projected midi-term (2021–2050) and long-term (2051-2080) climate conditions were compared with the baseline with two emission scenariosof RepresentativeConcentration Pathways(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Findings of this study indicated that the annual rainfall bias of the models varies between 21.9% and 15%, suggesting high variation. Based on the finding, climate change studies may benefit from the use of multi model simulation. Biases of most of the models proved that correction for the systematic error of RCM outputs must be made before the model outputs could be utilized by users. Compared to the base line period, all the models indicated that the total annualrainfall increases in midterm period (2021-2050) and long term (2051-2080) as projected under the RCP4.5. In long-term periods, climate models predicted that a decrease in rainfall in all seasons of the year except for summer season under RCP8.5 scenario, where as rainfall is predicted to increase whencompared to the base line period. The stream flow projections are made for both periods in the future with two emission scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. On the other hand, RCMs outputs indicated that the maximum and minimum temperatures were projected to increase over the catchment for both future periods ofboth scenarios with largest increase under RCP8.5.Under all models of RCP8.5 in the midterm and long term periods, the change of mean annual temperature ranges from 1.56oC to +2.27oC and 0.43oC to +3.62oC,respectively. From the stream flow projection relative to the baseline period, the change in mean annual stream flow from both future period are mostly positive,indicating increase in available discharge in the river under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Flow duration curves showed that there is the probability of occurrence of high flows in both future periods under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios relative to the baseline period. The overall conclusion of the study is that Didesa catchment of Abay basin is likely to experiencemore flowin the future than baseline period .Item CONTRIBUTION OF LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN BORICHA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2020) ASRAT ADISO LIMASAClimate change remains the major threat for livelihood of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. This study addresses the contribution of livelihood diversification to climate change adaptation in Boricha woreda, Sidama zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select 185households. Primary data were collected using household surveys, key informant interview and focus group discussion. Secondary data were obtained from National Meteorological Agency (climatic data: rainfall and temperature for the period of 1981-2017), published and unpublished sources. Both descriptive statistics and multi-nominal logit model (MNL) were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the study revealed that 96.3% of sample household farmers in Boricha woreda are aware of the occurrence of climate change which manifests itself as changes in temperatures and precipitation patterns. About 89.5% of the farmers indicated temperature was increasing and 88.2% replied that the amount of rainfall was decreasing. Moreover, the finding of the meteorological data reveals that, the average temperature of the woreda shows an annual increment by 0.077oC in the past 36 years. Similarly, there is declining trend of annual rainfall (12.84mm) in the same period with higher inter seasonal variability. The study also revealed that, climate change has affected livelihood components of the community: resulted from low crop productivity (62.2%), crop disease incidence (58.4%), less pasture/grass for livestock (55.1%), loss of income (54.05%), livestock disease incidence (52.2%) and drying river (48.1%) causing increase in rural-urban migration. Consequently, households are forced to diversify their livelihood such as; crop livestock integration and other best practices (84%), agro forestry practices (55%), non-farm activities (31%), off-farm activities (22%), Change from farming to non-farming (9.7%), and migration (8%), while 6% of them still remain with their business as usual. Regarding the advantages gained from livelihood diversification under climate change; 76.7% of the households claimed that, the diversification has increased their income source, 57.8% ensured food security, 55.6% reduced environmental problem, 53.5%increased household asset and 47.5% reduced risk vulnerability. Results concerning factors affecting livelihood diversification: age, family size, education, farm size, livestock ownership, information about climate change and distance from market were found significantly at (p<0.05) affecting the probability of diversifying livelihood activities. Whereas sex, credit service, extension service and saving of households didn’t significantly affected the livelihood diversification in study area. Therefore, development practitioners should pay more attention to those factors which are significantly affecting livelihood diversification before any socioeconomic intervention measures endeavor.