Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture

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    SMALLHOLDER FARMERS PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICES OF THEIR ADAPTATION PRACTICES: THE CASE OF LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) NIGATU TUNSISA TUMICHA
    Climate change has currently been recognized across disciplines and groups of people as a serious challenge facing societies today. This study was motivated by the fact that smallholder farming as part of the broader agricultural sector locally affected by climate change while contributing to food security, economic growth and employment provision particularly in study area. This study sought to analyze Smallholder Farmers Perception of Climate Change and Factors Affecting Choices of Their Adaptation Practices: The case of Loka Abaya Woreda, Sidama Region. It further aimed to identify small holder farmers’ perception on climate change, adaptation practices to CC at farm level and to analyze factors affecting adoption of different adaptation strategies by small holder farmers. The study used cross sectional survey design to accomplish the study. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 148 sample respondents. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to while collecting study data. To collect the required data household survey, FGDs, and KIIs were used from primary data sources. Furthermore the study collected secondary data sources from published and unpublished materials. Descriptive statistics and econometric model was used to analyze the objectives of the study. The finding of study indicated that the state of climate of the area has been changing when a comparison is made with over 30 years based on perceptions of smallholder farmers, local elders, local leaders and experts. Most of the interviewed small holder farmers had experienced the change in climate; fully aware that temperature is getting warmer, rainfall has decreased, occurrence of drought, rainfall starting latter, unpredictable rainfall, and risk of crop and livestock diseases have increased due to climate change. This had impacted crop production through crop failure and reduced yield. Furthermore, other major losses incurred due to climate change could be ordered sequentially as livestock productivity decreased, crop area reduced, income reduced, high food costs, and river run off decreased, crop/ animal disease outbreaks, plant species decreased/loss , dependency on relief increased (food insecurity) as the other impacts of climate change, respectively. The main farming’s adaptation strategies to CC used by smallholder farmers in Loka abaya woreda were found to be: crop diversification, diversifying sources of livelihood, planting/keeping drought tolerant crops/livestock, use of agro-forestry and reforestation/ afforestation as the main climate change adaptation strategy in the study area. Other important climate change adaptation strategies used by the farmers in the study areas include: Soil and water conservation techniques, use of irrigation system/water storage, changing planting dates, incomes from remittances, and out migration from climate risk areas. The findings of multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) explained that out of eleven selected variables, six of them (age, family size, farm size, education, contact with extension personnel, access to credit service ,attaining information on climate change and distance from market) were statistically significant factors that affect small holder farmers use of adaptation strategies to climate change in study area. The study, therefore, recommends, local governments, research institutions and farmers needed to be mainstreamed and institutional networks strengthened in order for effective and stable small holder farmers based adaptation practice to inevitable climate change.
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    IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF LEMO DISTRICT, HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2020) TEMESGEN DEFAR DOBAMO
    Climate change is one of many challenges that negatively affect climate-dependent livelihoods. Agriculture in general and smallholder farming in particular is vulnerable to climate variability and change. The study area is potential for wheat and teff production, however, the yield is declining due to the climate change effect. This research aimed to assess the impacts of climate change on teff and wheat production and adaptation strategies implemented by the farmers in Lemo District, Hadiya Zone. This research designed to cross-sectional (one shot) and time series research methods were employed. For this purpose 150 respondents were selected using multy-stage sampling technique from three kebele’s. To collect data, interview schedule, key informant interview and focus group discussions instruments were implemented. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were employed to analyze the collected data. About 88.%) of the respondents have indicated that the rain fall amount has decreased during the last three decades. Similarly, the meteorology data confirmed that the annual rainfall is declining by a rate of 7.08 mm annually over the past 29 years. The mean annual rain fall was 1143.7 mm and coefficient of variance was 38.2% which means highly variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 69% of the respondent confirmed an increasing trend in temperature. According to the meteorology data, mean average temperature is increasing by 0.056oC per annum. The teff and wheat producing farmers also found to practice several adaptation options including crop diversification 38.7%, selecting drought tolerant crops 22.6%, planting dates adjustment 30.7%, practicing soil and water conservation 31.3%, and supplemental irrigation 14.7% in response to climate impact on crop production. The marginal multinomial logit model /MNL/ results indicated that the choice of adaptation options used by farmers were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by age, education, farm size, access to extension service, credit and climate information. The overall analysis leads to conclude that despite the presence of awareness on climate change and its likely effects on livelihoods of the farmers, development intervention at local level were not systematically designed to address the problems of the resource poor farmers with regard to climate change effect. Therefore, an urgent need to work on strengthening the existing awareness, and timely dissemination of climate information and introduction and promotion of suitable adaptation option, to overcome the impacts of climate change on crop production.
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    CLIMATE CHANGE, ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND THEIR DETERMINANTS IN RURAL LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2020) ADISU PETROS DESALEGN
    Many studies have shown that climate change has adverse impacts on human welfare, agriculture, natural resources and development activities in Ethiopia in general and sidama Region in particular (Deressa et al., 2011; Kassie et al.,2013; Hamesso, 2013; Seyum, 2014). The objectives of study were: 1) to explore effects of climate change and variability on agricultural based livelihood systems, 2) to analyse trends of climate variability in terms of temperature and annual rainfall in the study área, 3) to assess the existing responses and adaptation measures being practiced to climate change and variability, and 4) to identify determinants of climate change adaptation strategies. Three stage sampling technique was employed to select 188 study sample respondents. Both primary and secondary data was collected. Primary data were collected from the household survey; Key informant intervew and Focus group discation. Secondary data were reviewed from offices and published sources. Both descriptive and econometric model were used to analyze data collected SPSS version 20 and STATA 14.2 version software were used for data entry and analysis. Based on the study result 95.2% agreed the state of climate is changing, 90.4% reported decreasing rainfall, 93.9% indicate the increasing temperature. On the other hand, the households replied that extreme heat, drought, and increasing change in wind intensity, respectively. Moreover, time series data revealed that both mean rainfall and temperature were decreasing and increasing, respectively. The climate change impacts experienced by respondents in resulted reduced productivity/yield, increases pests/insects/diseases, use of traditional crop varieties decreased (, cropping pattern has changed , traditional irrigation sources like pond has reduced, and reduced cultivated land . Sample households agreed that climate change increased scarcity of forages, grass species composition, decreased productivity (mainly milk and its products), decreased livestock number, and shortage of drinking water availability. Moreover, results revealed, out of the total studied households(74.58%) agreed that climate change reduced income, while 69.17% believed it affected business items (increased price of food), and 26.34% reported climate change increased dependency on relief programs. The identified main adaptation strategies in response used by sample respondents were, crop diversification, improved crop varieties, reducing livestock number, tree plantation, crop rotation and intercropping, soil and conservations practices and non-farm incomes. According to marginal effects of MNL result the significantly determining factors for a choice of adaptation strategies were age, family size, education status of household, farm size, livestock ownership, extension service, access to credit service, climate change information and non-farm income of household. The study recommends that farmers, local government, and research institutitutions ought to work on collectivelly about the socio economic and institutional factors challenging farmers in the study area to encourage use of available opportunities to adapt and enhance their long term resilience to climate change.
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    PERCEPTIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ON POTENTIAL ROLES OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHNGE ADADPTATION IN LOKA ABAYA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2018) YOHANNES BATISO
    The study assessed the Perceptions of smallholder farmers on the potential roles of conservation agriculture (CA) for food security and adaptation to climate change. A combination of multi stage purposive and simple random sampling techniques was employed to get a total of 144 sample respondents’. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected by interviewing 144 smallholder household heads, focus group discussions which had total of 10 focus groups with 2 focus group in each Kebeles having 6 household head members in each group, and 32 key informants, which included 10 DAs, 20 elders and 2 officials from district. The secondary data were collected from National Metrological Agency of Ethiopia for 30 years. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, Chi-square and independent T-test to identify variables that vary significantly between groups and Econometrics such as binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regressions by SPSS version 20. To assess the contribution of CA on food security among smallholder households, the study compared estimated production function between adopters and non- adopters of CA by using Cob-Douglas production function. Secondly, the study used descriptive statistics to assess the roles of CA on climate change adaptation and finally, a binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors that affected the adoption of CA among smallholder farmers. The results showed significant difference in the number of years of schooling, availability of CA training, and access to extension services, soil fertility status, and availability of CA incentives among interviewed households. The results revealed that adoption of CA technology improved household’s maize productivity by 45% than those who practiced non-CA. Cobb-Douglas production estimates showed that CA adopters had more than 45% higher maize productivity than that of non-adopters. In addition, there were greater than proportionate unit increases in maize yield with unit increase in land size and labor among CA adopters. According to the reports of respondents, CA enhanced adaptation capacity to the impacts of climate change for adopter than non adopters by increasing soil fertility, reducing production costs (cost of labor and chemical fertilizer) by 94.5%, reducing soil erosion by 80.6%, enhancing soil moisture saving capacity by97.2%, increasing yield and improving crop resilience to the impacts of climate change by 75% in the study area. From the binary logistic regression model results, access to CA training, increase in the number of extension visits, availability of CA incentives, increase in soil fertility increased the adoption of CA technology by 86.98%, 24.8%, 21.1% and 7.0% respectively. The study recommends that there should be improvement in the access to informal elder education, informal training and field demonstration to improve and enhance the acquisition and understanding of CA technology components. Furthermore, adopter households who had better extension service have 45% greater maize yield, 90.3% of them have year round available food stock and 80.6% of them feed themselves three to four times per a day compared to non adopters households and this also helped them to adapt to climate change, to be food secured, and for this reason, there should be increase in good extension services in the promotion and dissemination of CA technology. This can be achieved by increasing number of extension workers operating in the areas and increase number of demonstrations when introducing CA technology to farmers.
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    EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: ADAPTATIVE STRATEGIES IN TELTELLE DISTRICT OF BORANA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) GALMA HALAKE HUKA
    This study focused on effects of climate change on livestock production and adaptation strategies practiced by the pastoralists in Teltelle district. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze trends of rainfall and temperature data, to assess effects of climatic factors on livestock production, rangeland condition and adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists of the district. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of 185 sample households, six focus group discussions (each focus group discussions had 8 individual members), and 13 key informants. Primary data were collected using surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. Secondary data were obtained from Ethiopia National Meteorological Agency, Addis Ababa, and District Livestock Resource Development Office. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Long term trends of rainfall and temperature data were analyzed by linear trend analysis. Standard Precipitation index and Coefficient of Variation were used to analyze rainfall deficit and variability. Relationship between climate data and livestock population were analyzed by regression and correlation analysis. Climatic factors that affect livestock production and rangeland condition were analyzed using rank index method. Multinomial logit model was also used to analyze determinants of adaptation choice of herders. 90.9% and 87.9% of household respondents perceived decreasing trend of rainfall and increasing of temperature respectively. Thirty six years trend of annual rainfall decreasing by -0.7639mm per annual and mean annual minimum temperature increasing by 0.01680C. The 18 years of annual rainfall were below average (507.81+103.73mm) while 14 years categorized as drought years. Coefficient of Variation of main rainy season (31.97%) and short rainy season (33.9%) were highly variable but annual rainfall (20.43%) was moderately variable. The highest correlation values of livestock population were with the main rainy season (r = 0.855). Major factors affected livestock productions in the district were shortage of feeds, shortage of water and recurrent drought, while variability of rainfall, bush encroachment and flood affected availability and quality of feeds. 92.5% of sample households practiced adaptive strategies while 7.5% did not. Livestock mobility, livestock diversification, area enclosures and hay making were major adaptation strategies practiced by herders. The basic barriers to climate change adaptation were lack of capital, lack of information and reduction in number of livestock per households. In conclusion, rainfall variability and high drought frequency in the district affected livestock production, feed availability and quality, and reduced effectiveness of adaptation strategies practiced by pastoralists. Therefore, future policy better focus on improving water source management, improving livestock management, improving rangeland management, and encouraging the adaptation strategies applied by pastoralists.
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    EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, FEED RESOURCES AND RELATED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN BORICHA DISTRICT, SIDAMA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University college of Agriculture, 2019) EYOB MARUFA WOBISA
    Effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and related adaptation strategies were conducted in Boricha District, Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia with the objective of assessing effects of climate change on livestock production, feed resources and adaptation strategies practiced by farmers in mixed farming system of Southern Ethiopia. Purposive and systematic random sampling techniques were used for selection of sample Kebeles and household, respectively, for the formal survey. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model. The study also used 36 years rainfall and temperature data to look over the trends of local climate variability and change. According to the of trend analysis, both the maximum and minimum temperature of the study areas showed an increasing and the rain fall shows decreasing trend with high variability in the last four decades. About 88.4% of farmers perceived that the climate in their local environment was changed over years. Major causes of climate change were both human activities and natural process as 67.1% of respondents perceived. Many of the farmers perceived that climate change greatly affected their livestock production over time. The result of survey shown that climate change is pressing issue now a day, its consequences on livestock feed, and water availability, diseases outbreak and livestock production and productivity were negative. Most of farmers in the study area perceived that due to the effect of climate change, livestock feed (93.8%) and, water availability (92.5%) were reduced and diseases outbreak was increased (85%). The evidence for existence of climate change in the study area were reduction in rainfall amount, increasing environmental temperature, decrease in water sources and livestock feed, outbreak of new livestock diseases and drought occurrence. Different adaptation mechanisms practiced by the farmers in the study area to adapt the impact of climate change were feed and water storage for livestock for dry period, temporal migration to Lake Hawassa, River Bilate, Loka Abaya area and to other places in searching of pasture and water, herd diversification by rearing mixed livestock i.e. small and large ruminants together, livelihood shifting, and rearing drought tolerant species of livestock. The result of multinomial logit model indicate that sex, education, family size, farm size, access to extension service and climate information were the major determinant factors that affect the choice of adaptation option of farmers in the study area. Effect of climate change on growth performance and some of reproductive performance of livestock needs further research since there is no record on growth and reproductive performance of livestock in small-scale traditional production system.