Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture

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    CLIMATE CHANGE, ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND THEIR DETERMINANATS: THE CASE OF WONDO GENET WOREDA, SIDAMA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) ADUGNA FICHE
    Agriculture is a sector that dominates Ethiopia's economy which suffers from increasing frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters. In the past few years, reducing vulnerability and adapting to climate change through implementing sound adaptation strategies has become an urgent issue for the world's developing countries like Ethiopia. This study also assessed climate change, adaptation strategies and their determinants in wondo genet woreda. A total of 123 households were randomly and purposive selected from two rural kebeles of wondo genet woredas, Sidama national regional state, Ethiopia. Data were collected through households’ survey, focus group discussions, field observations and key informant interview, and thereby analyzed through a descriptive statistics and multi nominal logit model. The results also showed that 84.55% of the respondents perceive a decrease in rainfall amount, while 87.8% perceived an increase in temperature over the past 30 years which was supported by rainfall and temperature trend analysis of Hawassa metrological Agency data (1992- 2022). The result also showed that the most widely preferred adaptation methods by farmers were planting drought resistance crop (88.99%), building water harvesting scheme (85.5%), crop diversification (56.9%), changing planting date (43.9%), soil and water conservation (56.9%), use of irrigation (86.2%), and farming to non-farming activity (66.6%). The logistic regression model result showed that gender and age of the household, accesses to extension service, accesses to credit, and accesses to climate information, farm size, family size, farm income, and nonfarm income are the most significant factors that influence farmers’ adaptation to climate change. The regional government and non-governmental organizations must therefore help to improve farmers' adaptation capacity by providing credit accesses, enhancing farmers with awareness of climate change adaptation strategies and technologies, providing extension services as well as formal and informal education, and investing on the long run climate mitigation projects.
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    FACTORS THAT DETERMINES PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: IN CASE OF MAREKA WOREDA, DAWURO ZONE, SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2024) TILAHUN BELAYENEH BALA
    Forests provide multiple ranges of ecosystem services, moderate extreme weather events, and enhance the adaptive capacity of communities to support sustainable agriculture and human wellbeing. However, the heavy dependence of local communities on forest resources has caused deforestation and degradation in Ethiopia. Participatory forest management (PFM) is a solution to the current challenges of forest degradation and deforestation. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that determine community participation in participatory forest management, as well as the effects of climate change in Gozo Bamushe and Bala Yoyo kebeles Mareka District, Dawuro Zone, and Southwest Ethiopia. Following, a multi-stage sampling technique were used. 272 sample households were systematically selected and used to collect the primary data. Secondary data were collected from different documents. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of basic data showed that 69 (25.6%) respondents were from female and the remaining 201 (74.4%) were male. In general, there were 173 participants and 97 non-participating respondents. Among the 270 respondents, 56 (20.7%) were female participant and 117 (43.3%) were male participant. The community's acceptance of existing forest management practices varied, with the highest participation rate of 51.5% observed in the participatory forest management practices, compared to 25.2% for traditionally governed practices and 23.3% for state-governed practices. The binary logistic regression model analysis showed that total land holdings negatively affected participation in forest management, gender, educational level, family size, TLU, access to credit, training, and the enforcement of the law all had a positive and significant (P<0.05) effect on PFM practices. The results of this study suggest that the trend of climate variability in the study area is generally variable. The results indicate that 96.6% of participants and 90% of non-participants observed an increasing trend in temperature, while 95% of participants and 94% of non-participants perceived a decrease in rainfall and considered it unpredictable. Secondary data were obtained from the Ethiopian National Metrology Agency (ENMA) (1998–2022), showing that annual and Kermit rainfall are decreasing, Belg rainfall is increasing, and the average maximum and minimum temperatures are increasing. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that active participation in participatory forest management (PFM) is a crucial solution for improving effective forest management practices, reducing deforestation, mitigating the adverse effects of climate change, and enhancing rural livelihoods. Based on the current findings, it is recommended to improve the level of perception of the community and expand the practice by enhancing collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, in order to provide strong technical, financial, and legal support.
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    SMALLHOLDER FARMERS‟ STRATEGIES TOWARDS COPPING WITH THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAIZE CROP PRODUCTION IN KEDIDA GAMELA WOREDA ,KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA.
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) MEHARU GENETO
    This study was conducted Small holder farmers strategies towards copping with the effect of climate change on maize crop in Kedida Gamela Woreda ,Kembata Tembaro Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia » Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, group discussions and household surveys with 164 sample respondent households. Both descriptive and inferential (multinomial logit model ) statistics were used to analyze the collected data. According to the result shows about (85.4%) of the respondents have perceived high rainfall amount reduction while 11.6%respondents perceived moderate reduction of rainfall. such rainfall reduction perception by farmers has been confirmed by meteorological data record of the past 30 years. Average annual rainfall of the area has been declined by the rate of 2.269 mm annually. Similarly, 100 % of interviewed farmers said that temperature showed an increasing trend. According to the meteorological data for past 20 years showed that average temperature of the kedida GamelaWoreda was 20.63°C,with minimum temperature of 15.3 °C. And maximum temperature of 25.95°C.The same data confirmed that there is average mean annual temperature increment by 0.13°c. The multinomial logit model results reviled that he most common adaptation strategies practiced by farmers include planting of drought resistant maize crop variety, early maturing maize crop variety, early planting of maize crop variety, high yielding maize crop varieties implementing small scale irrigation practices, fertilizer application of animal manure. The result also indicates that ,age, family size, land size, education, farming experience and climate information are factors affecting household’s choice of maize adaptations strategies in the study area. In the study area the amount of rainfall shows decreasing pattern and temperature increasing for last years. Therefore government should take responsibility for further plan and encourage an effective implementation of an alternative strategies that can minimize the dependency on limited variety of maize crops and take responsibility on appropriate climate change and variability adaptation strategies such as, using of drought resistant maize crop varieties, high yielding maize crop varieties, early maturing maize crop varieties, according to the season early planting of maize crop varieties, practicing water harvesting technology and irrigation practices. And government should provide farmers with extension services, moreover, ensuring credit facilities to enhance farmers’ access to credit, which will increase their capability to adapt climate change.
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    IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L) PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN HAWASSA ZURIA DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2023) KORMA GIDESSA
    Climate change which is one of the challenges facing the world and is increasingly affecting peoples’ food security and livelihood specially in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research assessed the impact of climate change on Maize production and adaptation strategies of the farmers in Hawassa Zuria district, Sidama regional state of Ethiopia. The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive and random sampling procedures were used to select study area and respondents respectively. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys. Similarly, secondary data were collected from National Metrology Agency and District agriculture office. Descriptive statistics, correlation, Multinomial logit model, Adaptation Strategy Index and Standardized Precipitation Index were used to analyse the collected data. According to the survey results, about 66.1% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long term recorded rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is increasing by the rate of 3.65 mm annually over the past 30 years. The mean annual rainfall was 968.5mm with 14% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 85.30% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis of long-term recorded data by National Metrology Agency that indicated the mean average minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.062 oC and 0.028 oC per annum respectively. The data obtained from National Metrology Agency and Woreda agriculture office also showed that, the rainfall of the annual and summer (Kremit) season were positive and significantly correlated with Maize production. However, negative relationship was observed between long-term maximum temperature and Maize production. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation measures include; using improved crop variety and livestock species, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, change date planting, use agroforestry and income source diversification activities. The marginal effects of Multinomial logit model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, yearly income, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience , whereas; sex, did not have significant impact. Therefore, to increase and sustain farmers Maize productivity under changing climatic conditions; improving the agricultural production policy measures like: developing drought resistant crop varieties, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation measures such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.
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    ASSEMET OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IMPACTSE ON WHEAT PRODACTION, FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTAION STRATEGIES: THE CASE OF DOYOGENA WOREDA FARMING COMMUNITIES OF KAMBATA-TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) MULUGETA GEBRE
    Climate variability has adversely affected the livelihoods of people in developing countries where a large proportion of the population is heavily dependent on agriculture. Severe and repeated rise in temperature and rainfall failures caused loss of crops and livestock which resulted in food insecurity in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess farmers’ perception on climate variability, its impacts and adaptation strategies in Doyogena District.The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select study area. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys with 181 households. Similarly, secondary data were collected from NMA and DWARDO. Descriptive statistics, MNL and SPI were used to analyze the collected data. According to the survey results, about 83% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long-term recorded 1996-2019 rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is decreasing by the rate of –6.56 annually over the past 24 years. The mean annual rainfall was 1164.19mm with 11.5% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 84.70% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis from 1996-2019 recorded data by NMA that indicated the mean minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.074ºC and 0.021ºC per annum respectively. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation strategies include; using improved crop variety, mixed crop livestock system, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, adjusting planting date and income diversification activities. The marginal effects of MNL model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, monthly income and livestock ownership, whereas; sex, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience. Therefore, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation strategies such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.
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    ADOPTION OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICE AROUND LAKE HAWASSA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) ENDALE ESRAEL
    Ethiopia is promoting SWC technologies for improving agricultural productivity, climate change adaptation, household food security and rural livelihoods. The effectiveness of these SWC practices that are alleged to enhance productivity is very important in order to evaluate their performance in reducing land degradation and rehabilitating the land. The major concern of this study is to analyze the adoption of soil and water conservation practice around Lake Hawassa. The data were collected from 150 farmers residing in 3 Kebeles that are randomly selected from 25 rural Kebeles where soil and water conservation have been introduced and widely implemented. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used to have reliable information. The basic data used for this study were collected from Sample households, focus group participants and key informants through structured questionnaire and semi-structured checklists. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as mean, frequency, percentages, tables, Chi-square and t-test and inferential statistical tools such as binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regression models. The survey data identified that out of the total (150) households, 100 (66.7%) were being adopted SWC activities in their lands while the rest 50 (33.3) households didn’t adopted SWC. The Chi-square result showed that sex, marital status, level of education, credit access and extension services were affects SWC positively and statistically at 5% significant level and the t-test result showed that age and land size affects SWC positively and statistically at 5% significant level. The logistic regression model showed that advisory services, training on SWC, number of family size and education level significantly influences adoption of SWC measure in the study area. The comparative analysis of maize production showed 17.5508 quintals average yield increment in case of SWC adopting households as compared to non-adopter during 2020/2021 production season. The results revealed positive relationships between total yield of maize and labor, seed, land, and oxen (draft access). Based on this result, labor and land are the most significant factors of maize production among SWC adopters. As more of these factors of production (land and labor) are used increasingly, there will exist more maize yield among the adopter households. This increased crop yield as a result introduction of SWC to farmer’s farm also enhanced their income, achieving food security and livelihood in the study area. The researcher recommends, the stakeholders need to work jointly to improve the farmer’s access to SWC training service, and provide different advisory services while promoting SWC technologies among small holders in the study area.
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    IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L) PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF THE FARMING COMMUNITY IN HAWASSA ZURIA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) TIMOTIWOS MICHAEL DIDISO
    Climate change which is one of the challenges facing the world and is increasingly affecting peoples’ food security and livelihood specially in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research assessed the impacts of climate change and variability on Maize production and adaptation strategies of the farming community in Hawassa Zuria Woreda. The study used multi stage sampling procedure. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select study area. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys with 184 households. Similarly, secondary data were collected from NMA and HZWANO. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, Mann Kendall trend test, MNL, ASI and SPI were used to analyze the collected data. According to the survey results, about 81% of the respondents perceive that, the rainfall amount in the study area is decreasing. However, long-term recorded rainfall data showed that the annual rainfall is increasing by the rate of 2.216 mm annually over the past 33 years despite statistically non-significant. The mean annual rainfall was 968.5mm with 14% of coefficient of variation which is less variable based on degree of variability. Similarly, 85.30% of interviewed farmers said that temperature is in increasing trend, which confirms the results from the analysis of long-term recorded data by NMA that indicated the mean average minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing by 0.062 oC and 0.028 oC per annum respectively. The data obtained from HZWANO and NMA also showed that, the rainfall of the spring (Belg) season was positive and significantly correlated with Maize production. However, negative relationship was observed between long-term maximum temperature and Maize production. The study had also shown that farmer’s adaptation measures include; using improved crop variety, mixed crop livestock system, use of irrigation, soil and water conservation, adjusting planting date and income diversification activities. The marginal effects of MNL model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by age, family size, farm land size, monthly income and livestock ownership, whereas; sex, access to extension service, access to credit service and farming experience did not have significant impact. Therefore, to increase and sustain farmers Maize productivity under changing climatic conditions; improving the agricultural production policy measures like: developing drought resistant crop varieties, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation measures such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area.
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    SMALLHOLDER FARMERS PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICES OF THEIR ADAPTATION PRACTICES: THE CASE OF LOKA ABAYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) NIGATU TUNSISA TUMICHA
    Climate change has currently been recognized across disciplines and groups of people as a serious challenge facing societies today. This study was motivated by the fact that smallholder farming as part of the broader agricultural sector locally affected by climate change while contributing to food security, economic growth and employment provision particularly in study area. This study sought to analyze Smallholder Farmers Perception of Climate Change and Factors Affecting Choices of Their Adaptation Practices: The case of Loka Abaya Woreda, Sidama Region. It further aimed to identify small holder farmers’ perception on climate change, adaptation practices to CC at farm level and to analyze factors affecting adoption of different adaptation strategies by small holder farmers. The study used cross sectional survey design to accomplish the study. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 148 sample respondents. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to while collecting study data. To collect the required data household survey, FGDs, and KIIs were used from primary data sources. Furthermore the study collected secondary data sources from published and unpublished materials. Descriptive statistics and econometric model was used to analyze the objectives of the study. The finding of study indicated that the state of climate of the area has been changing when a comparison is made with over 30 years based on perceptions of smallholder farmers, local elders, local leaders and experts. Most of the interviewed small holder farmers had experienced the change in climate; fully aware that temperature is getting warmer, rainfall has decreased, occurrence of drought, rainfall starting latter, unpredictable rainfall, and risk of crop and livestock diseases have increased due to climate change. This had impacted crop production through crop failure and reduced yield. Furthermore, other major losses incurred due to climate change could be ordered sequentially as livestock productivity decreased, crop area reduced, income reduced, high food costs, and river run off decreased, crop/ animal disease outbreaks, plant species decreased/loss , dependency on relief increased (food insecurity) as the other impacts of climate change, respectively. The main farming’s adaptation strategies to CC used by smallholder farmers in Loka abaya woreda were found to be: crop diversification, diversifying sources of livelihood, planting/keeping drought tolerant crops/livestock, use of agro-forestry and reforestation/ afforestation as the main climate change adaptation strategy in the study area. Other important climate change adaptation strategies used by the farmers in the study areas include: Soil and water conservation techniques, use of irrigation system/water storage, changing planting dates, incomes from remittances, and out migration from climate risk areas. The findings of multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) explained that out of eleven selected variables, six of them (age, family size, farm size, education, contact with extension personnel, access to credit service ,attaining information on climate change and distance from market) were statistically significant factors that affect small holder farmers use of adaptation strategies to climate change in study area. The study, therefore, recommends, local governments, research institutions and farmers needed to be mainstreamed and institutional networks strengthened in order for effective and stable small holder farmers based adaptation practice to inevitable climate change.
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    Effect of Climate Variability and Change on Crop production and Adaptation Strategies of Farming Community in Aleta Wondo Woreda, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) MARU KONTE BETA
    Climate change poses huge challenges to the global economy and to social development. Especially, Africa is highly vulnerable to the potential effects of climate change, while Ethiopia is often cited as one of the most vulnerable and with the least capacity to respond and adapt. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of climate variability and change on crop production and adaptation strategies employed by the farmers in Aleta Wondo woreda. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of 188 sample households. Primary data were collected by survey, interviews and focus group discussions, while, the secondary data were accessed from National Meteorological Agency and Woreda Agricultural offices. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multinomial logit (MNL) model was used to identify factors influencing farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change. The results showed that, 93.1% of respondents perceived decreasing trends of rainfall and 98.4% of the respondents reported temperature was increasing. However, according to the data obtained from NMA, the trend of RF was increasing by the rate of 2.035mm per annum. The effects of climate change were responsible to reduction of crop productivity, partial crop losses, increased pest incidence, and reduced production area. The highest correlation values of crop yield with the belg rainfall at (p≤0.01)) were observed. From the total households 25% of the sample households were practicing crop diversification as adaptation strategy in crop production. Adaptation strategies considered in the MNL model analysis for crop production were crop diversification, soil and water conservation, planting trees, using improved seeds, growing drought resistance crop varieties and changing planting date; Age, education, family size, of household, climate information, extension and credit services are factors that contribute different levels of adaptive capacity within the community. In conclusion the study indicated that small changes in rainfall patterns can result in significant effect on the livelihoods of the farming community. Therefore, the need to strengthen adaptation options, importance of resources and appropriate and timely information on future climate change so as to alert them to take appropriate averting actions are important
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    IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ONMAIZE (Zea mays L.) YIELD AND LOCAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN DAMOT-WOYDE DISTRICT, SOUTHERNETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) DAMTEW DATTA
    The main objective of this research was to evaluate climate change impacts on maize productivity in Damot-woyde district of Wolayta Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study investigates and addresses the likely occurrences of climate change on maize productivity. It was explained by future pattern of rainfall and temperature and its impact on maize yield. The existing knowledge and perception of farmers about climate change and adaptation used was assessed. The research methodology was used by employing CORDEX-Africa for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios of climate model projected data, Aqua Crop model simulation and yield projection using projected rainfall and temperature data and questionnaire based assessment of community perception and adaptations used. The climate data used was near-term (2019-2048) and mid term (2049-2078) projection for rainfall and temperature. The data was quality checked, biased corrected and evaluated with real data and statistical significances. Aqua Crop model maize simulation was verified by Central Statistical Agency yield data. The projected rainfall pattern shows a decrease by 3.7 mm/annual and increase by 4.6 mm/annual under RCP 4.5 for near and mid-term respectively projected to increase by 2.6 mm/annual and decrease by 2 mm/annual under RCP 8.5 for near and mid-term, respectively. Maximum temperature projected to increase by 0.004 and 0.0170-C/ annual for near and mid-term under RCP4.5 respectively. It is projected to increase by 0.024 and 0.0260-C/annual in near and mid-term under RCP 8.5 respectively. Future projected biomass and grain yield of maize is expected to decrease by 0.07 biomass and by 0.05 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 4.5 from near to mid-term while, it is projected to decrease by 0.1 biomass and 0.15 tone ha-1 grain yield under RCP 8.5 from near to mid-term. The community adaptation used to combat climate change effects shows that, the smaller holder farmers have somehow good knowledge of existing climate condition and climate change. In addition, some smaller holder farmers has been engaged in practice of climate change adaptation strategies but being come across with different challenges. Therefore, the study recommended the capacity building and supporting smaller holder farmers in regard to climate change adaptation strategies to enables them to cope-up the possible challenges.