College of Medicine and Health Science

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    The prevalence and associated risk factors of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in school age children at Dura (May Nigus) irrigational dam, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia
    (hawassa university, 2024-10) TEKLAY ABRHA YANSHET
    A water-borne parasitic disease Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma, continues to be a major public health issue in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including Northern Ethiopia's Tigray region. This study investigates the prevalence of S. mansoni and associated risk factors in the irrigational dams in Dura (May Nigus). A school age child-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Debrebrhan secondary and Dura elementary schools in the central Tigray region. Two hundred four schoolchildren aged from seven to twenty-one years were randomly selected to provide stool specimens for Schistosoma infection examination by Kato-Katz techniques. Of the 204 randomly selected students, 190(93.14%) passed the stool collection for stool specimen examination, and 24 (12.6%) were found positive for Schistosoma mansoni. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOD)); for irrigation practice; 13.21, 95% CI (2.35, 74.20); p=0.003, for fetching water 14.52, 95% CI (2.82, 74.7); p=0.001, for washing clothes 6.4, 95% CI, (1.14, 35.4); p=0.035 respectively. Meaning thy are individually associated with S. mansoni presence. According to the retrospective data even-though there is decreasing intestinal case examination in St. Merry Hospital Axum for the past ten years the total prevalence(trend) for Schistosoma mansoni shows increasing from year to year with slight fluctuation in different age groups and genders. The most prevalent were in males among the age 10 to 25 years old. Based on the prevalence result for Schistosoma mansoni, now is the critical time to take controlling measurement and treatment in the community with a full campaign for elimination. A treatment of all school-age children once every two years is recommended with Snail control and non-specific control approaches, including the provision of clean water supply and health education, should also complement to the mass drug administration of praziquantel
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    PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS VISITING ADARE HOSPITAL HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa university, 2024-11) BONTU DESU
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a significant public health issue, especially in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of IPIs and identify the associated risk factors among patients visiting Adare Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia. A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted, with socio-demographic data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and stool samples analyzed using Direct Microscopy (Wet Mount) and Formal-Ether Concentration methods.. Data was analysed using SPSS version-27, by descriptive statistics and Logistic regression analyses. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance .Out of 422 stool samples, 152 (36.0%) tested positive for intestinal parasites. The most commonly detected parasites were Giardia lamblia (14.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.4%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (7.6%), while Hymenolepis nana was less frequently identified. Additionally, 16 participants (3.8%) had double infections. This study investigates the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in a specific population, focusing on age, income, occupation, hygiene practices, and access to clean water, dietary habits, and medical history. Findings reveal that Children aged 0-5 and 6-15 years face a higher risk of infection (AOR 1.509, p = 0.018), (AOR 1;59, P=0.17)respectively and low-income households, particularly those earning below 1000 NTS, are at greater risk (AOR 1.304, p < 0.01). Among occupations, students show a notably high risk (AOR 13.39, p < 0.001). Hygiene practices, especially hand washing with soap and water, significantly reduce IPI risk (AOR 0.188, p = 0.030), while limited access to clean water increases it (AOR 3.436, p < 0.001). Dietary habits, such as consuming raw meat or fish, are linked to higher infection rates (AOR 0.368, p = 0.001).These finding highlight critical risk factors, including age, income, occupation, hygiene, and water access and underscore the need for improved hygiene practices, sanitation, and access to clean water in Hawassa to mitigate the spread of parasitic infections. This study provides essential insights that can inform targeted public health interventions in the region.
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    PREVALENCE OF IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ELECTIVE PEDIATRIC PATIENTS OPERATED IN THE SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITALS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
    (hawassa university, 2024-06) MULUALEM BUNARE
    Background: An increase in blood glucose levels immediately after surgery is known as immediate postoperative hyperglycemia, a serious risk for pediatric patients. It is linked to unfavourable results and extended hospital stays. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of immediate postoperative hyperglycemia and its associated factors among elective pediatric patients who operated in the southern Ethiopian Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, 2024 G.C. Methods: A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 elective surgical pediatric patients in three randomly selected University Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in southern Ethiopia from February 1 to April 30, 2024. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire and by reviewing patient charts. Two intern anesthesia students at each site collected data. The primary outcome variable was the prevalence of immediate postoperative hyperglycemia. Data were entered into Epidata version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Binary logistic regression identified factors associated with postoperative hyperglycemia, with multivariable logistic regression using Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals to determine associations and statistical significance at a p-value of less than 5%. Result: In this study, the prevalence of immediate postoperative hyperglycemia was found to be 35.7%, 95% CI (31.3-40.8). Neonates (AOR: 4, 95% CI; 1.3-12.9), infants (AOR: 3.4, 95% CI; 1.2-9.76), toddlers (AOR: 3.73, 95% CI; 1.29-10.76), early childhood (AOR: 4.02, 95% CI; 1.47 10.96), general (AOR: 7, 95% CI; 2.4 -20) and regional anaesthesia (AOR 5, 95% CI 1.7-19.5), intraoperative dexamethasone (AOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.65-5.46), dextrose solutions (AOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.67-6.65), and neurosurgical (AOR 3.68, 95% CI 1.19-11.33) and general surgery (AOR 3.66, 95% CI 1.24-10.84) were significantly associated to postop hyperglycemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of immediate postoperative hyperglycemia was 35.7% (95% CI: 31.3 40.8). Recommendations: vigilant glucose monitoring in high-risk pediatric patients post-surgery. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and interventions to prevent hyperglycemia.
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    MAGNITUDE OF URBAN MALARIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN DAMBOYA TOWN, KEMBATA ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa universty, 2023-11) BIRUK MULACHEW GELESHO
    Background: In Africa, urban malaria is emerging as a potential Health problem. Because of the rapidly growing number of towns in Ethiopia, there is a persistent need to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of urban malaria. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of urban malaria and its associated risk factors in Damboya town Kambata Zone, Central Ethiopia region. Methods: A Community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Damboya town from March 7 to May 29, 2023. A total of 422 individuals were randomly selected and a structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and malaria-associated risk factors. Finger/ heel prick blood was used to detect malaria parasites by light microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic test. Data were entered in Epi data 3.1 and analyzed in SPSS version 25 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was explored by using binary logistic regression analyses. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was calculated and the association was declared at a P-value of <0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of malaria was 5% (95%CI:3.1-7.5) with the predominant P. vivax infections accounting for 61.9%. The presence of stagnant water (AOR=3.88, 95% CI: 1.14-13.22, P=0.030), unavailability of insecticide-treated bed net (AOR=3.24, 95% CI: 1.01 10.41, P=0.048), living in a house with eaves (AOR=4.22, 95%CI: 1.17-15.00, p=0.027), were more significantly associated with malaria prevalence. Conclusion: Malaria is still a public health problem in Damboya town. Thus, improved access to all malaria interventions is needed to interrupt the transmission in the community of this town.
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    PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF MALARIA AMONG THE COMMUNITY OF LOKA ABAYA DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa universty, 2023-11) SIRATU SEYOUM
    Background: Malaria remains a major public health concern in Ethiopia, despite the widespread use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets. In most rural Ethiopian settings, insecticide-treated net coverage and proper use are major challenges. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria, the proportion of Plasmodium species, and the risk factors for disease transmission in the study area. Methodology: From April to May of 2023, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 419 participants in Loka Abaya District, Sidama. A face-to-face interview and visual observation were used to collect socio-demographic data and other associated factors. A capillary blood sample from each study participant was collected and tested with smear microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests for the presence of malaria parasites. Epi-data manager version 4.6 was used to enter and clean the data, and SPSS version 26 was used to analyze it. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression results were used to assess the association between the dependent and independent variables. Statistical significance was defined at p-value < 0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of malaria infection was 61 (14.6%) with 95% CI: 11.0 - 18.0. The relative proportions of P. falciparum and P. vivax infection were 59.0% and 36.1% respectively, while the proportion of mixed (P. falciparum and P. vivax) infection was 4.9%. No formal education (AOR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.10 - 5.94) compared to secondary and above education, low monthly income (AOR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.07 - 8.25) compared to high monthly income, those who did not have ITN (AOR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.14 - 5.75), never used ITN during sleep (AOR: 2.875; 95% CI: 1.130 - 7.317), living in areas with stagnant water (AOR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.14 - 3.99) were independent predictors of malaria infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria in the study population was high, with P. falciparum being the most common causative agent. Regarding associated factors, educational status, monthly income, ITN availability and utilization, and the presence of stagnant water around the house were all potential determinants of malaria. Continued community health interventions focusing on the proper use of ITN, drainage of stagnant water, and increased public awareness about reducing the risk of insect bites have the potential to reduce infection.
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    PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL VIOLENCE AMONG FEMALE HOUSEMAIDS ATTENDING EVENING PRIMARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN HAWASSA CITY, SIDAMA, ETHIOPIA: A MIXED METHOD STUDY.
    (Hawassa University, 2024-06) MAEREGE HABTNEH
    Introduction: Threats of rape, attempted rape, rape, sexual harassment, and coerced sexual contact are examples of sexual violence. One of the groups of workers most at risk from sexual violence worldwide is the housemaid. Sexual violence against housemaids remains usually concealed as victims cannot report such offences. This study aims to assess prevalence and factor associated with sexual violence among female housemaid attending evening public schools in Hawassa city, Sidama region, Ethiopia. Objectives. This study intended to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence among housemaids attending evening primary public schools at Hawasa 2024. Method. School-based cross-sectional study complemented with qualitative approach was conducted among 405 housemaids and 13 purposely selected participant. Simple random sampling was used for the quantitative part while purposive sampling was done to select key informants. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire by Kobo Collect for quantitative study then exported to SPSS, while key-informant interview using semi structured interview guide was used for the qualitative study. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done to assess the association between independent and dependent variables. The strength of association was determined using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their corresponding 95 % confidence interval. P-values of <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Tables and diagrammatical presentation were used, and mean with standard deviation were used to interpret continuous variables. ATLAS.ti was used for qualitative data analysis. Finally, the finding was explained by triangulating with the quantitative findings in the result. Result: The prevalence of sexual violence among was 67.9% (95% CI: 63%-72%). The odd of sexual violence was higher among housemaids whose agreement were daily (AOR=11.173, 95% CI =1.220, 15.298), there employer drunk alcohol (4.174, 95% CI = 1.851, 9.416), housemaids origin from rural area (AOR= 2.95 (1.56, 5.55), whereas housemaid living with another housemaid in the household were less likely to face sexual violence (AOR=0.429, 95% CI = 0.218, 0.844). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of sexual violence among housemaids. Types of agreement, origin of the housemaid, and presence of other housemaid and employers alcohol consumption were significantly associated with sexual violence.
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