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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) IN BENA TSEMAY WOREDA, SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-27) MEDHIN MADEBO MADA
    Scarcity of water is one of the major constraints for the development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, the effective use of available water by deficit irrigation is an alternative means to alleviate the problem and optimize the water productivity of crop in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation levels applied on yield, yield components and water productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The field experiment was carried out at Bena Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six irrigation treatments and three replications. The treatments were five water deficit irrigation levels (85%ETc, 75%ETc, 65%ETc, 55%ETc and 45%ETc) and full (100%ETc) as a control treatment. The result of analysis of variance showed that the different deficit irrigation levels applied had statistically significant (p < 0.01) effect on yield and yield component of sesame. Significant delay in flowering and maturity was observed as the water deficit level increased. The highest plant height, number of branch per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000-seed weight, aboveground biomass, harvest index and straw yield were observed under control treatment (100%ETc), while the lowest observed in 45%ETc treatment respectively. The maximum grain yield (2164.56 kg/ha) was observed under control (100%ETc), while the minimum (1377.37 kg/ha) was obtained from 45%ETc treatment level. From the mean result of grain yield it was observed that control treatment (100%ETc) significantly different from all treatments except treatment under 85%ETc. The highest water productivity (0.55kg/m3 ) was observed under 45%ETc, while the lowest (0.39 kg/m3 ) was at control treatment. From the result of study it was observed that the obtained yield response factor (Ky) was less than unity (Ky < 1), this indicates that sesame is tolerant to water stress. From the result of study it was observed that deficit irrigation under 75%ETc resulted in significant water saving and improved water productivity with insignificant yield reduction; therefore, sesame could be irrigated at 75%ETc in region with limited water resource condition
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) AT MELKASSA, CENTERAL RIFT VALLEY, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2020-10-12) ABERA TESFAYE TEFERA
    The experiment was conducted at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center during off season under semi-arid climatic condition where moisture stress is higher. The study was under taken to evaluate effect of deficit irrigation on water productivity and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).The experiment was split plot design with three common bean varieties as main plots and four deficit irrigation levels as sub plots all of which replicated three times. Four deficit irrigation levels 100%ETc, 85%ETc, 70%ETc, 55%ETc and three varieties SER-119, Bio fortified small seed-5, Awash-2 were used for treatment combination. The combined result indicates that there was a significant variation among treatments for yield, above ground biomass and water productivity. All common bean varieties were significantly affected under deficit irrigation levels. Consequently, highest yield (3.4 ton/ha) was obtained from irrigating 100%ETc followed by (3.2 ton/ha) with 85%ETc less yield reduction. In contrast the intermediate (2.8 ton/ha) and smallest yield (2.4 ton/ha) was obtained from irrigating 70ETc and 55%ETc.Water productivity was ranged from (0.83 kg/m3 ) at full irrigation to (1.33 kg/m3 ) at higher deficit irrigation. Based on obtained yield and water productivity, under a limited water supply situation where the goal was to gain highest possible yield of common bean and water productivity utilizing application of water from 70%ETC to 85%ETC at each irrigation event offers opportunities for water saving with yield reduction which was compensated by irrigating other area by saved water. The result of economic analysis shown that the highest net benefit obtained from irrigating full 100%ETc of the three common bean varieties. Based on obtained data the MRR was greater than 50% irrigating common bean with deficit irrigation 85%, 70% and 55% is economically feasible depending on accessibility of water
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    RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum Aestivum L.) YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE STRESS LEVELS AT GEWANE WOREDA, AFAR REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-08-19) ZIYAD RUBE HAMID
    Enhancing water productivity of irrigated crops through Agricultural water management practices is a vital option in water scarce areas. Field experiment was conducted at demonstration site of Gewane Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College located in Gewane woreda, Afar region, Ethiopia. The objective of this research was aimed to identify optimum moisture stress levels for wheat under moisture stress area of Gewane woreda. Ten deficit irrigation levels namely (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 %ETc) and the control (100%ETc) irrigation water application were used in whole growing season of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Adopted wheat variety Fentale -2 was used as testing crop and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The daily climatic parameters used to estimate ETo were collected from Gewane meteorological station. Daily crop water requirement (ETc) was estimated by multiplying reference evapotranspiration with crop coefficient. Yield and yield components were collected and analyzed using SAS 9.0 statistical software. The analysis of variance showed that, the reduction of water application (moisture stress levels) had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on growth parameters, yield and yield components except on the number of tillers per square meter and harvesting index as compared to the full irrigation (100%ETc). The result also showed that, the grain yield reduced as the stress levels increased, whereas water use efficiency was increased as the stress levels increased. The highest grain yield of 4472.2 kg/ha was obtained from full irrigation( 100%ETc) which had no significant difference with irrigation water application up to 70%ETc. Whereas the lowest grain yield of 3475.7 kg/ha was recorded from 45%ETc. In terms of water use efficiency, the highest and lowest water use efficiency of 1.32 and 0.82 kg/m3 was obtained from 45 and 100%ETc respectively. Therefore, wheat could be irrigated at 70%ETc to improve water use efficiency without a significant grain yield reduction. Moreover, it could be irrigated at 45%ETc in area where water use efficiency is top priority with compromise of grain yield reduction by 22.28% as result of saved water to irrigate other crops
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) UNDER CONVENTIONAL FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN BENNATSEMAY WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2019-10-22) TADESSE MUGORO LEBISO
    Enhancing water productivity is an important strategy for addressing future water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, innovations are needed to increase the water use efficiency that is available. Deficit irrigation is believed to improve water productivity without causing severe yield reductions; which the crop is exposed to a certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the whole growing season. The field experiment was conducted in Bennatsemay Woreda Weyito experimental site of Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Southern Ethiopia, during 2018 season with objective of investigating the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of Onion under conventional furrow irrigation system. Six treatments (T1=100% ETc, T2=85% ETc, T3=70% ETc, T4=50% ETc, T5=100% ETc Is, 85% ETc Ds, 70% ETc Ms, 50% ETc Ls and T6=85% ETc Is, 70% ETc Ds, 50% ETc Ms, 0% ETc Ls) were imposed on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Bombay red variety and laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results indicated that the different deficit irrigation levels had highly significant (p < 0.01) effect on vegetative growth, yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Onion. Onion bulb yield was reduced with increased water stress, where as water productivity was increased with stress level increased. The highest bulb yield of 21.3 t/ha were obtained from T1 which was significantly different to all other treatments while yield from T6 (12.86 t/ha) was recorded as the lowest one. Similarly, the highest IWUE (2.41 kg/m3 ) and CWUE (4.02 kg/m3 ) were obtained from T6 which was significantly superior to all other treatments. But, at T4 and T6 high yield reduction was recorded which may not be attractive for producers. On the other hand, the total bulb yield, yield components, IWUE and CWUE observed under T3 and T5 irrigation application levels had no statistically significant variation (p < 0.01). However, under T5 the relative yield reduction was greater when compared to T3. So, instead of T5, using T3 (applying 70% ETc) is advisable. Accordingly, made T5 out of the role, compared T1, T2, T3, T4 and T6, high IWUE was observed under T6 and T4 with high yield reduction penalty. From resources conservation point of view, maximum water productivity may be our attention, which could be obtained under this severe deficit irrigation. However, such consequences on yield may not be tolerable from producers view point (at T4 and T6). Therefore, it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 70% ETc deficit irrigation level under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION METHOD ON THE YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) AT FOGERA DISTRICT, NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-12-20) MISGANAW YIMER TESSEMA
    Water has been identified as one of the scarce inputs, which can severely restrict agricultural production and productivity unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Deficit irrigation improves water productivity and irrigation management practices resulting in water saving by maintaining soil moisture content below optimum level throughout growth season. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in Amhara region, South Gonder zone, at Fogera district during the dry season of 2020 using deficit irrigation under drip irrigation method to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation practices on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of onion. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three irrigation treatments (drip irrigation at 100%, 80% and 60%ETC) and three replications. Drip irrigation at 100%ETc gave very highly significant onion yield (26.8 t ha-1 ), as compared to 80% and 60%ETc irrigation treatments. However, irrigation water use efficiency was found highest (6.2 kg m -3 ) with drip irrigation at 80%ETc. The amount of water saved at 80% and 60%ETc under drip irrigation method were 90mm, and 179.9mm respectively over 100% drip irrigation method and this may sufficient to irrigate 0.2 to 0.4 hectare of additional area of onion crop as compared to that of 100%ETC drip irrigation method. Therefore, this study suggests that farmers in the study area, having limited amount of water for irrigation, should adopt deficit irrigation under drip irrigation method.
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) IN BENA TSEMAY WOREDA, SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-07-21) MEDHIN MADEBO MADA
    Scarcity of water is one of the major constraints for the development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, the effective use of available water by deficit irrigation is an alternative means to alleviate the problem and optimize the water productivity of crop in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation levels applied on yield, yield components and water productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The field experiment was carried out at Bena Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six irrigation treatments and three replications. The treatments were five water deficit irrigation levels (85%ETc, 75%ETc, 65%ETc, 55%ETc and 45%ETc) and full (100%ETc) as a control treatment. The result of analysis of variance showed that the different deficit irrigation levels applied had statistically significant (p < 0.01) effect on yield and yield component of sesame. Significant delay in flowering and maturity was observed as the water deficit level increased. The highest plant height, number of branch per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000-seed weight, aboveground biomass, harvest index and straw yield were observed under control treatment (100%ETc), while the lowest observed in 45%ETc treatment respectively. The maximum grain yield (2164.56 kg/ha) was observed under control (100%ETc), while the minimum (1377.37 kg/ha) was obtained from 45%ETc treatment level. From the mean result of grain yield it was observed that control treatment (100%ETc) significantly different from all treatments except treatment under 85%ETc. The highest water productivity (0.55kg/m3 ) was observed under 45%ETc, while the lowest (0.39 kg/m3 ) was at control treatment. From the result of study it was observed that the obtained yield response factor (Ky) was less than unity (Ky < 1), this indicates that sesame is tolerant to water stress. From the result of study it was observed that deficit irrigation under 75%ETc resulted in significant water saving and improved water productivity with insignificant yield reduction; therefore, sesame could be irrigated at 75%ETc in region with limited water resource condition
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATION INTERVAL ON YIELD AND ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS OF HARICOT BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN ADAMI TULLU, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2019-10-24) KASECH BELACHEW
    Availability of water in the required quality and quantity is vital for crop production. Water scarcity does not only occur in arid and semi-arid areas but also it occurs in areas that receive high rainfall and have abundant fresh water resources. Especially in regions with water shortage, deficit irrigation strategies have become important tools to attain higher water use efficiency and optimum yield. Proper irrigation interval is also used to utilize scarce water resources efficiently and effectively by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. These, however, need testing the application of the system under specific condition for a given crop. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of yield and above ground biomass of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under deficit irrigation and various irrigation intervals in Adami Tullu, Oromia, Ethiopia. The treatments were comprised of factorial combinations of two factors. The treatments were four levels of water application (100% , 85% , 70% , and 50% ETc) with three irrigation intervals (3, 5 and 7 days).The experimental design used in this study was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Irrigation depth was monitored using a parshall flume with an opening having 3 inch throat width. The analysis of variance for the result of the study indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences for yield, above ground biomass and WUE. The highest yield (2202.2 kg/ha) was obtained under treatments which received 100% ETc with 3 day irrigation interval, while the lowest yield (1220.2 kg/ha) was obtained under treatment which received 50% ETc with 7 day irrigation interval. In terms of crop yield and water use efficiency, 50% ETc deficit irrigation application with 3 day irrigation interval gave the highest CWUE of 0.54 kg/m3 and FWUE of 0.38 kg/m3 , while the lowest value of CWUE was 0.32 kg/m3 and FWUE was 0.26 kg/m3 were obtained under100% ETc with 7 day irrigation interval. Therefore, based on yield, above ground biomass and WUE, irrigation level of 85% ETc with 5 day irrigation interval could be recommended to achieve higher yield, above ground biomass and water use efficiency in water scarcity area
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    RESPONSES OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum .L) CROP YIELD TO SOIL MOISTURE STRESS CONDITIONS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES: THE CASE STUDY AT WO
    (Hawassa University, 2019-10-18) AREGASH DEBOCH JELOS
    Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is produced in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia as one of the staple food and the production and productivity is limited by the scarcity of water. A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture stress on different growth stages of potato with the objectives of identifying crop growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, to investigate the relative yield response factor of Potato under different treatments, to determine the irrigation water requirement at each treatments and to investigate the water use efficiency under different treatments. The experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Wondo Genet in SNNPRs of central rift valley, southern, Ethiopia during the 2017/18 cropping season. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications seven treatments including the control treatment were devised to represent some possible combinations of water application. The result showed that soil moisture stress occurred at different growth stage had a significance (p<0.05) effect on plant height, number of tuber per plant, tuber length, tuber diameter, tuber fresh weight, and total tuber yield of Potato. The highest plant height (92.67 cm and 85.16 cm), number of tuber per plant (11.33) ,tuber length (7.7cm), tuber diameter (5.73 and 5.53 cm), tuber fresh weight (756.67 and 735.67 g), and total tuber yield (29.16 and 28.36 t /ha) were obtained from T1and T5 respectively; while the lowest plant height (47.43 cm), number of tuber per plant (4.33 and 3.66 cm), tuber length(2.86 cm), tuber diameter (2.36 cm), tuber fresh weight (216.67 g), and total tuber yield (10.2 t /ha) were recorded from T3, T4 and T6, T4, T6, T3 and T6 respectively. Most of the parameters (dependent variable) that are plant height, tuber number per plant, tuber length, tuber diameter and total tuber yield showed significant yield reduction in their values as moisture stress increased at different growth stages. Growth parameters were slightly affected by moisture stress when the stress was imposed during the initial and late season growth stages but they were not significant. Initial and Midseason growth stage of potato tuber was the most critical stage (causes 65% yield loss) for soil moisture stress followed by development stage (49% yield reduction). The highest water use efficiency was obtained from T5 (7.26 kg/m3 ) and the lowest one were from T3 (3.93 kg/m3 ). Missing irrigation at the late season growth stage (T5) affects potato tuber insignificantly. This study has shown in order to avoid high yield reduction; The variety should not be stressed consecutively at initial and midseason growth stages well established
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) AT MELKASSA, CENTERAL RIFT VALLEY, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2020-10-13) ABERA TESFAYE TEFERA
    The experiment was conducted at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center during off season under semi-arid climatic condition where moisture stress is higher. The study was under taken to evaluate effect of deficit irrigation on water productivity and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).The experiment was split plot design with three common bean varieties as main plots and four deficit irrigation levels as sub plots all of which replicated three times. Four deficit irrigation levels 100%ETc, 85%ETc, 70%ETc, 55%ETc and three varieties SER-119, Bio fortified small seed-5, Awash-2 were used for treatment combination. The combined result indicates that there was a significant variation among treatments for yield, above ground biomass and water productivity. All common bean varieties were significantly affected under deficit irrigation levels. Consequently, highest yield (3.4 ton/ha) was obtained from irrigating 100%ETc followed by (3.2 ton/ha) with 85%ETc less yield reduction. In contrast the intermediate (2.8 ton/ha) and smallest yield (2.4 ton/ha) was obtained from irrigating 70ETc and 55%ETc.Water productivity was ranged from (0.83 kg/m3 ) at full irrigation to (1.33 kg/m3 ) at higher deficit irrigation. Based on obtained yield and water productivity, under a limited water supply situation where the goal was to gain highest possible yield of common bean and water productivity utilizing application of water from 70%ETC to 85%ETC at each irrigation event offers opportunities for water saving with yield reduction which was compensated by irrigating other area by saved water. The result of economic analysis shown that the highest net benefit obtained from irrigating full 100%ETc of the three common bean varieties. Based on obtained data the MRR was greater than 50% irrigating common bean with deficit irrigation 85%, 70% and 55% is economically feasible depending on accessibility of water
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    EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) UNDER DIFFERENT FURROW IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES AT HIGHLANDS OF DEBRE BIRHAN, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-02-20) BIRUK GETANEH AYELE
    In the current time of overpopulation pressure and climate change, the competition for water resource is increasing over time and space. The improvement of irrigated agriculture is an important national issue. The experiment was conducted at Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation levels on yield and water use efficiency of garlic (Allium sativum L.) local cultivar under different furrow irrigation techniques. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications with four irrigation levels (100, 85, 70, and 55% ETc) and three-furrow irrigation techniques (AFI, FFI and CFI). The amount of water applied was based on the soil water depletion. All collected data was subjected to ANOVA in SAS statistical software. The result obtained revealed that different irrigation levels had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on yield and WUE of garlic. A smaller reduction of irrigation levels would not have brought significant yield reduction. Similarly, yield and WUE were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by furrow irrigation techniques. AFI techniques gave a higher WUE with 10% yield reduction in comparison to CFI and 29% yield advantages over FFI. Moreover, the interaction effect of deficit levels and furrow techniques had highly significantly (P<0.01) affected yield and WUE of garlic. The maximum yield of 9.1 t/ha was obtained with the application of 100 % ETc under CFI, while the maximum WUE of 4.1 kg/m3 with the application of 55 % ETc under AFI. The application of 85 % ETc under AFI resulted in statistically no significance difference in yield and WUE of 100 % ETc under AFI. In areas where there is abundant water, garlic could be irrigated with seasonal irrigation water of 592 mm (100% ETC) under CFI techniques in F.C state. The application of 85 % ETc under AFI techniques save irrigation water without having yield penalty, and this saved water could possibly produce an extra yield of 9.9 t/ha, save water usage and attain optimum garlic production. Therefore, the application of 85% ETc levels under AFI is the best choice under the conditions of the study area