Institute of Technology
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Item FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN TO EFFICIENT SPACE UTILIZATION AND INSPECTION PERFORMANCE: CASE OF MODJO DRY POR(Hawassa University, 2018-10-17) BONDE ASSEFA SHULISHAEthiopia is landlocked country which uses the Ethio-Djibouti corridor the main outlet to the sea. However, this generates high demurrage cost at Djibouti port. To overcome these challenges, Ethiopian government established about eight dry ports in Ethiopia. From those, the Modjo dry port is large and 95 % of goods are flow through it. This makes congestion in the warehouse and terminal due to lack of suitable facility layout for inspection performance. So, this paper proposes an alternative facility layout design of warehouse. This done by using primary and secondary source of data which collected from warehouse managers, drivers, loading and unloading labors, customers of Modjo dry ports. However, the researcher use surveying, different journal, website and report from dry port as basic inputs for models to propose modified alternative layouts. The models used were classified in different levels regarding their compatibility to execute paper works as per requirement. Those were mathematical, Computer aided design model (AutoCAD) and simulation Model. The mathematical model was mainly used to calculate areas, volumes of existing and modified alternative layouts of the warehouse. The AutoCAD model was used to draw out the alternative facility layouts by feeding the input data collected from field survey by using Global Positioning System GPS and dimensions measured by using standard meter. The results of the study were validated by descriptive event simulation software which is known as any logic software. Finally, depending on the result of simulation, and model output of AutoCAD the alternative layouts were proposed. The capacity of space dedicated for existing warehouses could accommodate the 120 TEU. However, for the alternative layouts of I, II, III & IV are 564, 752, 556 & 796 TEU respectively. Depending on these results the alternative scenarios were proposed in order to mitigate the challenges facings to Modjo dry port. The contribution of this study is to realize the gaps of knowledge in using pallet racks for space utilization with aisle or passageway in the warehouse and point out the future research directions in facility layout design to efficient space utilization and inspection performance around the dry port areaItem SOIL LOSS RISK ASSESSMENT UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE OF NERI WATERSHED, OMO-GIBE BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2019-10-22) ABEBE HEGANO HEMACHOSoil erosion is one of the biggest global environmental problems resulting in both on-site and off site effects. Climate change is expected to affect soil erosion based on a variety of factors, including a direct impact on soil loss by increasing precipitation amounts and erosive power. Neri watershed was chosen for this study. The objective of study is to assess soil loss risk under climate change and anticipated management practices. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model was applied by integrating bio physical and remote sensing data. Model parameters were computed from available data. Three Representative concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and management practices considered for estimation of annual soil loss rates. The resultant annual soil loss map under baseline condition shows the mean and total of 9.955t/ha/yr- 1 and 0.46m t/yr respectively. Estimates suggest that out of the total (46546 ha), about 32.7% % of the total area exceeded the tolerable limit and 67.3%% of the total area were below tolerable rate. The future soil loss rates are higher than the baseline period if no management actions are taken. Under no- management action scenario, the predicted the incremental rate of soil loss from (21.95%) for RCP8.5 (2051-2080) followed by 4.57% RCP4.5 (2021-2050) to insignificant decline (-0.75%) for RCP2.6 (2021-2050) compared to baseline period whereas, the other two predicted reduction. Moreover, inclusion of comprehensive management may result much higher reduction in soil loss over baseline and future condition of no action. The maximum reduction by 41.2% of its soil loss due to climate change is predicted RCP8.5 (2051-2080). The resultant soil loss map of baseline period was used in prioritization of intervention areas based on soil loss tolerance. Among eleven (11) sub-watersheds, eight and ten administrative kebeles out of nineteen are above the tolerable limit. However, watershed as planning unit, taking the proportion of soil loss to area, seven sub watersheds were identified as areas of intervention. To ensure sustainable resource use, management practice like contour cropping system complimented with terraces in agricultural fields and with giving special attention through strong policy measures to climate change, erosion minimization in non-agricultural land use classes were needed. Finaly, the study indicates a need for further study to understand the land suitability that consider the climate changeItem ASSESSMENT WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF WERABE TOWN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, SNNP, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-21) MIFTA SEID HUSSENIt's mandatory to assess the hydraulic performance of water supply distribution systems to address water distribution issues in an urban water supply system. This can be accomplished by analyzing the current status of the water distribution system. This study was aimed to analyze the existing water distribution system in Werabe town using WaterGEMS software. WaterGEMS model was used for automated calibration and analyzing the hydraulic parameters of water distribution system. To reduce the difference between measured and predicted pressure, the model was calibrated at the selected nodes within good performance. The result showed that the water supply coverage was low which covers only 69.5%. besides water demand and supply of Werabe town were not balanced. The people used daily water of 41.7 l/day with the billed water amount is 70% of production and 30% water is considered to be non-revenue (NRW). The simulation result of the existing water distribution system showed that, during peak hour demand 27.68% of junction have within the recommended pressure ranges of minimum 15 m and maximum 70 m H2O. The hydraulic performance analysis also revealed that 82.11% and 44.6 % of total pipes have velocity below 0.6m/s at minimum and peak demand respectively. The study concluded that the hydraulic performance of Werabe town water supply distribution system is running below the expected level. Thus, the high pressures in the distribution should be managed by using pressure reducing valves and a low pressure and velocity should be improved by making rehabilitation of existing boreholes, which satisfy the existing peak water demandItem GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELING AND ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY: THE CASE OF HORMAT-GOLINA SUB-BASIN, AWASH BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2019-10-23) MENGESHA TESFAW ABAYGroundwater is the source of water supply for different purposes including domestic, irrigation and depending on its capacity, it is suitable for industrial activities. Groundwater in many parts of the world is under risk because of increasing demands, mismanagement and contamination. All previous studies had not been explored the predicted groundwater flow dynamics in relation to climate change and anthropogenic stress, but this study has developed on the groundwater fluctuation with respect to human pressure and climate change. Visual mod flow flex 5.1 was used for simulating the groundwater flow in response to different stress periods. Groundwater flow and transport modeling in this Sub-basin have provided information about groundwater quantity as well as the quality aspect for decision makers about the groundwater accessibility. The initial head measured values in before and after irrigation season has varied to a maximum of 0.8 m. The groundwater head level in before and after irrigation season was varied from 9.3 m to 8.26 m in the Southern boundary and from 41.5 m to 38.83 m in Northwestern boundary of the Sub-basin respectively. While the predicted groundwater head and drawdown of increased pumping rate with decreased recharge rate scenario was magnify the bad effects in the Sub basin. The maximum depth of 0.27 m and 2.6 m drawdown was found in before and after irrigated season around the pumped wells respectively. The increased pumping rate with decreased recharge rate was replied to the groundwater head at the end of 2021has decreased by 2.81 min the Northwestern boundary of the Sub-basin as compared as using constant pumping rate with constant recharge rate. While decreased pumping rate with increased recharge rate was replied to the groundwater head at the end of 2021has increased by 2.23 m in the Northwestern boundary of the Sub-basin as compared as using constant pumping rate. The impacts of climate change and human pressure on groundwater have been the greatest threats in those supply wells. Decreased in pumping rate with increased recharge rate has accomplished to restore and protect the groundwater resources which is the best option for groundwater restoration and monitoring. Anthropogenic pressures including the application of fertilizers were a considerable cause of degraded groundwater quality in relation to Nitrate and Phosphate concentration with series of time. The groundwater quality has deteriorating with the applied Urea and DAP fertilizes in the selected wells of Hormat-Golina Sub-basin. Farmers have encouraged using practices that minimize the risk of groundwater pollution by carefully controlling and timing of the use of fertilizers to avoid over application.Item WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE AND QUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF SUPPLY (IN CASE OF HAWASSA TOWN)(Hawassa University, 2024-10-27) GUSSA BOLKAWater supply in distribution system is the key problems of water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water consumption has been increasing significantly in most towns due to increasing number of population and other factors. This study assess Hawassa town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply water coverage, water production, water consumption, distribution system water loss, water quality and operation and maintenance. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, some water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records and primary data were collected through field survey and structured checklist administered to the water consumers and key personnel of Hawassa Town Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprise ( HTWSSSE) . The existing water supply source of locations was analyzed using software ARC GIS Map version10.1 and the data from HTWSSSE and households were analyzed descriptive methods. As found out, Hawassa town water supply service could not meet water demands of the town with existing capacity. The total demand of the town for the year of 2022/23 is 90,388 m 3 /day but the production is 30,976.56 m3 /day which have only 30% coverage of the demand. Sufficient water scheme development that fulfills town demand is the major question to date. Even though there are a number of water sources in the area, chemical content is the main problem as confirmed during this work. The town situated in the rift valley where there is problem due to natural chemical content which undermines the quality of water. Assessment was made on all available ground and surface water sources to verify chemical content that can causes adverse effect on human health. In this regard, 24 samples were collected from all available sources in the town and nearby surroundings area of the town and tested in Hawassa Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Enterprise, Water Quality Laboratory. According to the test result, most of sources are safe for drinking purpose except calcium, magnesium a little bit higher or out range, however ,the bit increase do not cause adverse effect for human health and fluoride and iron which are more than admissible range of WHO but some sources have allowable range. On the other hand, all boreholes and rivers capacity measured during this work. The analysis of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs which have 10,400m3/day the recommended range was 27,116.4 m3 /day to 45,194.15 m3 /day , the results shows less than the recommended range, so the Hawassa city water scheme is not safe regarding to storage capacity. In conclusion, the town’s water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water access, operation and maintenance with the continuous generation of water from source continuously into balancing reservoir. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicate system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality serviceItem URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ASSESMENT: THE CASE OF ASSOSA TOWN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2022-10-23) ABEBE AMADO MENTOSEAIntermittent water disruption is the key problem of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service despite obstacles that hinder water utilities not to provide the required service. This study assesses the performance of Assosa town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply, water loss, water quality, customer satisfaction, and. operation and maintenance. These indicators have been cited as the main factors, which reflect the performance of many urban water supply systems. High water loss, customer complaints, and operation and maintenance problems indicate that there are deficiencies in the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records, other data not found in the water utility records is collected using instruments. Hydraulic performance of the system is also evaluated by modeling the system. Water quality tests were conducted and compared with the national and international standards. Household interviews were made to understand customers’ satisfaction towards the water supply. There is a frequent interruption of boreholes. The water quality test shows some parameters departed from the standard set on the Ethiopian and WHO water quality guidelines. In addition, there is customer’s complaint towards continuous access of water. The operation and maintenance in the town is identified to be poor. In conclusion, the town’s water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water quality, operation and maintenance with the worst condition of continuous generation of water from sources continuously interruption. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality serviceItem PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN ADDIS-ALEM, SEHARTI SAMRE WOREDA, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA.(Hawassa University, 2017-10-28) ABRHA FENTAW AKALUWater is scarce and expensive resource which needs to be utilized in a highly productive manner for agriculture. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the small scale irrigation scheme at Addis-Alem, Seharti Samre Woreda, Tigray Regional State. The importance of performance evaluation of small scale irrigation scheme mainly for advising irrigators on how to improve their system and management practice, intervention across different system levels, and to compute irrigation seasons and technologies The scheme has command area of 60 ha during the current study time and serving about 240 beneficiaries. To achieve the aim primary and secondary data were gathered. The internal and external performances using minimum sets of performance which includes agriculture water use economical, and physical performances. In order to compute the irrigation water use efficiency of farmers at field level, nine farmer fields were identified from the irrigation scheme in the relation to their location (head, middle and tail end water users). The internal process which include conveyance, application, storage, runoff, deep percolation ratio, distribution efficiencies, and overall irrigation efficiency were used to check the performance of the irrigation scheme. The results of the analyses indicate that the conveyance and application efficiencies were found to be 51.297 and 68.07% respectively. The runoff ratio of the scheme was nil as the furrows are block end type. Deep percolation ratio in the same order of the scheme was found to 31.93%. Storage efficiency was also estimated 47.69%. Further, irrigation uniformity of98.91% was attended. From the analysis of external indicators, the output per cropped area and output per command area were found as 4545.455 and 1363.636US$ha-1 respectively. The output per irrigation supply of the scheme was 0.663 US$ m-3 . Output per water consumed in the scheme was 0.974 US$ m-3 . The water use performance of the scheme was computed, water supply and relative irrigation supply were found as 7.362.The irrigation ratio of the scheme was found to be 0.30 which means about 70% of the command area is not under irrigation during the study period. In general,, the performance of Addis-Alem irrigation scheme is low . But there is still a room for improving the performance of the scheme by resizing the main canal as well as the secondary and tertiary canals which were not adequately carrying the required irrigation waterItem CHALLENGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN ADDIS ABABA CITY(Hawassa University, 2021-04-27) ASGELE KIDU GEBREHIWOTMany construction innovations incorporate technologies that have been transferred from one geographical area or discipline to another for the facing numerous difficulties in the industry. Technology Transfer (TT) is in the interest of many developing countries; however it is not pacing forward as its target. Many of developing countries set policy to transfer prefabricated construction technique, yet there was a problem on its succeeding. Technology transfer initiatives can be instrumental in solving a lot of challenges in building construction. Dynamic change is needed today to overcome new challenges in the construction industry. Adoption of prefabrication is one of the possible solutions to such problems. This paper assessed the challenges of transferring and expansion of prefabricated building construction techniques through both qualitative and quantitative research method. Besides, this study aims to evaluate the current status of prefabrication building transferring and adoption in Ethiopia and, identified the best channels of transferring and expanding the technology. An extensive literature review was conducted on this subject towards the understanding of TT and prefabricated building construction in developing countries. And, a set of questionnaire and semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. As well as two case studies was conducted. Mean index and RII method using SPSS, and Excel has been used to analyze the results. On this study the practice of prefabricated building technology in Ethiopia shows almost to non-existence. As numerous challenging factors are impeding the adoption, and development of prefabricated technology in developing countries. The result shows, limited awareness and trust on the technology and shortage of initial funds are the most challenging factors in transferring and expanding of prefabricated building technology in Ethiopia. Shortage of infrastructure is also one of the critical obstacle in expanding the technology. Furthermore, as the succeeding of adopting and developing of one technology was measure through the mechanism used to adapt and improve the technology. Hence the study shows trainings was the best way to transfer and sustain prefabricated technology. As well as sub-contracting was the second best way in transferring and sustaining the technology. Other critical channel to improve the technology was working in research and development.Item FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN TO EFFICIENT SPACE UTILIZATION AND INSPECTION PERFORMANCE: CASE OF MODJO DRY PORT(Hawassa University, 2018-10-07) BONDE ASSEFA SHULISHAEthiopia is landlocked country which uses the Ethio-Djibouti corridor the main outlet to the sea. However, this generates high demurrage cost at Djibouti port. To overcome these challenges, Ethiopian government established about eight dry ports in Ethiopia. From those, the Modjo dry port is large and 95 % of goods are flow through it. This makes congestion in the warehouse and terminal due to lack of suitable facility layout for inspection performance. So, this paper proposes an alternative facility layout design of warehouse. This done by using primary and secondary source of data which collected from warehouse managers, drivers, loading and unloading labors, customers of Modjo dry ports. However, the researcher use surveying, different journal, website and report from dry port as basic inputs for models to propose modified alternative layouts. The models used were classified in different levels regarding their compatibility to execute paper works as per requirement. Those were mathematical, Computer aided design model (AutoCAD) and simulation Model. The mathematical model was mainly used to calculate areas, volumes of existing and modified alternative layouts of the warehouse. The AutoCAD model was used to draw out the alternative facility layouts by feeding the input data collected from field survey by using Global Positioning System GPS and dimensions measured by using standard meter. The results of the study were validated by descriptive event simulation software which is known as any logic software. Finally, depending on the result of simulation, and model output of AutoCAD the alternative layouts were proposed. The capacity of space dedicated for existing warehouses could accommodate the 120 TEU. However, for the alternative layouts of I, II, III & IV are 564, 752, 556 & 796 TEU respectively. Depending on these results the alternative scenarios were proposed in order to mitigate the challenges facings to Modjo dry port. The contribution of this study is to realize the gaps of knowledge in using pallet racks for space utilization with aisle or passageway in the warehouse and point out the future research directions in facility layout design to efficient space utilization and inspection performance around the dry port areaItem HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE TO LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE IN THE GENALE DAWA RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2019-08-06) MARTA AYE YALEWLand use land cover change has been one of factors responsible for altering the streamflow of the watershed on the Genale Dawa river basin leading to impacting river flows. The study mainly focused on estimating land use land cover change on streamflow. Land use land cover maps of 1986 and 2013 were obtained from Ethiopian Mapping Agency. The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification was used in ERDAS Imagine 2014 software tool. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model, SWAT was used to investigate the impact of land cover change on streamflow of Genale Dawa River Basin gauged at Halwen. Land cover change analysis has shown an increment of cultivated land from 9.5% to 17.6%, agriculture land 9.1% to 19%, and built up areas 5.2% to 14.4%, while a decrement in the forest area from 31.15% to 19%, and water body from 7.2% to 7%, shrub land from 15.9% to 8.2%, Wet land from 8.8% to 4.9% and Grass land from 13.2% to 9.6% between 1986 and 2013. The performance of the SWAT model was evaluated through sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation. The model was calibrated using flow data from 1990 to 2001 including 2 year warm-up period and validated using data 2002 to 2007. Both the calibration and validation result show good agreement between observed and simulated stream flow with NSE and R 2 values of 0.86 and 0.88 for calibration and NSE are 0.84 and 0.85 for validation. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the curve number is the most sensitive parameter that affects stream flow of the watershed. The result of this study indicated that the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 8.5% for wet season and decreased by 3% in the dry season over 30 year’s period. As a result it might be possible to conclude that for the catchments the impacts were significant. Therefore, it can be deduced that LULC impact for the study area might be the most sensitive than the propagated uncertainty on catchment flow.