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    MODELING OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES FOR WATER ALLOCATION: A CASE STUDY IN UPPER GIDABO WATERSHED, GIDABO SUB BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-10-28) TAMIRAT SHUKE KITAWA
    The processes of population increase, urbanization, industrialization, and dependency ratio has resulted in a rapid demand increase for water resources in the developing world. Water managers in the watershed of the developing world face the increasingly difficult task of allocating the limited water resources among competing users for fulfilling their demands due to difference in available resources and water demand increment. Water resources management has limited in the Upper Gidabo watershed and there is traditional water allocation are vastly practiced. This was due to lack of sufficient awareness about available water resources and management in watersheds. Understanding the potential and use of surface water in upper Gidabo would help to increase the productivity of Agriculture and other sectors, to improve the traditional water management system. Therefore the objective of this study was to Modeling of surface water resources for water allocation under developed scenarios for maximizing overall benefits without compromising ecological requirements in the Upper Gidabo watershed in Gidabo sub basin. To achieve the aim of this study soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to determine the available surface water resources of the watershed after sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the model by SWAT_CUP sufi-2 algorithm. The simulated result revealed that the total average surface water potential from the watershed was 773.5 MCM annually during the study period (2021). Both the calibration and validation result for Aposto and kolla gauging station showed a good performance with a value of R2 and NSE of 0.83 and 0.65 for calibration and 0.81 and 0.6 for validation in Aposto and 0.79 and 0.62 for calibration and 0.78 and 0.61 for validation in Kolla gauging station, respectively. After this Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to assess water demands. To assess irrigation water requirement of the sixteen (16) crop types CROPWAT 8.0 software was used. After assessing the currently existing demands Different scenarios were also developed to determine the future water demand, and unmet demand from overall time period of 2021-2050, This scenarios namely: reference, population growth and increased water demand scenario was established to determine increasing demands under increasing human as well as Livestock population, agricultural areas and different industrial activities. The current (2021) utilization is about 110.4 MCM for consumptive use and non-consumptive (EFR) use, For EFR 10% considered from available flow to maintain ecological functioning and water resource development in the watershed. The current demands fully met with available flows and for scenarios the assessed total annual water demand may be expected to be 126 MCM, 195.1 MCM and 341.8 MCM for the reference, high population growth, and increased water demand scenarios, except increased water demand scenario the other scenarios is met fully, It is appropriate to shape more effective policies and regulations in the area for effective water resources management in reducing water shortage and achieving downstream water needs in the future
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    GIS-BASED SURFACE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TEME WATERSHED, EAST GOJAM ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-03-28) GETNET GUADIE
    Assessment of available land and water resources for surface irrigation development within watershed level using Geographic Information System (GIS) is important for planning its use. Due to the development of irrigated agriculture is less regardless of its important to alleviate food insecurity and food production problem in the study area, improving of agricultural productivity within the study are needs a quantified irrigable land and potential of water resources through in a systematic and scientific way. Identification of suitable land and mapping to it for surface irrigation, estimation of available flow, determination of irrigation water requirement and Comparing the Gross irrigation water requirement of the selected crops for the identified suitable land with simulated river flow were the main steps that were followed. To identify suitable land, the land suitability parameters like slope, soil (texture, depth and drainage), river proximity, and LULC of the study area were used. Application of weighted overlay tool was used for analysis of these factors to give a suitable land among river sub watershed of Tejatil, G/Teme, Tige Bahar and Tiwa as 578ha, 735ha, 234ha and 955ha respectively, which accounts 13.7% of the total study area. Simulated flow of the four manually added outlets and one linking stream added outlet in the watershed after calibration and validation by considering 12 sensitivity parameters and observed flow of gauged river were conducted. The mean monthly flow of 4.34m3 /s was determined at the outlet of the watershed. Three crops (Tomato, Maize and Potato) were selected to grow on the identified irrigable areas and its irrigation water requirement of these crops were estimating by implementing CROPWAT8.0 model as an input of climatic, crop and soil data .By comparing gross irrigation water requirement of the selected crops for identified irrigable land and simulated river flow at the area of selected site, the total irrigation potential site of the study area for surface irrigation was found to be 555ha, which accounts 3.04% of the total study area. In conclusion, the potential irrigable land is very small due to the scarcity of water. Therefore, the irrigation potential of the area could be increased either by harvesting rainwater and using ground water or by analysis a suitability of other method of irrigation such as trickle/drip and sprinkler irrigation method.
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    ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN UPPER WEYIB WATERSHED, GENALE DAWA BASIN BALE ZONE OROMIYA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-03-16) GETACHEW SHIFERAW ESHETE
    Planning and decision-making for new irrigation development projects require the systematic assessment of irrigable land together with available water resources. This study was started with the objectives of assessing the water and land resources potential of the upper Weyib river watershed for irrigation development and generating a geo-referenced map of these resources by using a Geographic information system. Watershed delineation, identification of potentially irrigable land, and estimation of irrigation water requirement and surface water availability of river watershed were the steps followed to evaluate this irrigation potential. GIS was used to map the irrigation potential of the watershed; the ArcSWAT model; was used to estimate the water availability in the watershed; AHP and pairwise comparison was used to land suitability assessment and a CROPWAT model was used to determine the major crop water requirement. To identify potentially irrigable land, irrigation suitability factors such as soil physical properties, slope, land use/ land cover, and distances from the water supply(sources) are taken into account. The irrigation suitability analysis if these factors indicate that 98.59% of soil 75.72% LULC and 41.62%slope in the study area are in the range of highly suitable to marginally suitable for the surface irrigation system. The final results of irrigation land suitability indicate that 14.90% high suitable (S1), 55.08% moderately suitable (S2), 5.62% marginally suitable (S3), whereas 24.38% not suitable (N) for surface irrigation development. After calibration and validation, the observed monthly streamflow values with a coefficient of determination (R) and Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) of 0.81 and 0.77 for the calibration period and 0.77and 0.76 for the validation period, respectively. The Irrigation water demand of the four major crops which are grown in the study area through the growing season was found to be 1170.1mm. Based on the Model Builder of ArcGIS, the SWAT estimated available water can potentially irrigate an area of 10,564.15ha for highly suitable areas