College of Natural and Computational Sciences

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The College of Natural and Computational Sciences advances education, research, and innovation in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, and computational disciplines.

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    PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AND RELATED RISK FACTORS IN GUMER DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) LAKE AYNU
    Typhoid fever (TF) continues to be a major public health problem in many developing countries. . In Ethiopia, like any other sub-Saharan African country, the condition is worsened due to shortage of safe potable water and toilet access, low health education and overall high illiteracy level. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of TF and its asosated risk factors in Gumer District, Gurage zone, Central Ethiopia regional state, Ethiopia. In this health facilitybased cross-sectional study design, all patients attending Gumer District selected Health Center A structured questionnaire was administered to capture socio-demographic and other -related variables in association to the risk of TF. Blood samples collected, sera separated and tested by the slide agglutination (Widal) method were used. The required statistical analysis was done using SPSS software Pearson’s correlation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between socio-demographic variables and seropositivity for salmonella antigens used with p-value ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Out of 384 patients diagnosed 278 (72.4%) were TF seropositive the highest proportion (52 .6 %) of cases occurring among the age 16-31 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.259, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.227-4.161, p=0.009), males 172(80.4%) TF positive with (AOR 0.861, 95% CI 0.131- 1.72, p=0.000), lack of toilet 144 (37.5%) from this 202(52.6%) TF positive with (AOR 1.672, 95% CI 1.610-1.7100, p=0.000), and illiteracy 90(81.8%) TF positive with (AOR 2.756 95% CI 1.416-4.322, p= 0.004 uncooked vegetables 168(76.7%) with (AOR) 2.103 95% CI 1.213-3.171 p=0.029) were independent significant predictors of TF seropositivity. TF is a serious public health burden in the locality calling for scale-up of intervention strategies including provision of safe water supply, toilet coverage and health education. Residents should be sensitized on control of fly densities from their latrines, washing hands with soap and clean safe water after visiting the latrine and before preparing or eating food. They should also be sensitized on washing and/ or pealing fresh fruits before eating and how to treat water at home before drinking using cheap, simple and effective methods like filtration, boiling and using water treatment agents like aqua safe and water guard
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    SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS ON RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) MUSEFA KEDIR
    In the 21st century, cancer, specifically breast cancer is expected to be a leading cause of mortality, affecting people under 70 in many countries. Among the commonly reported cancer types, female breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer globally. It is the second most common cause of death for women in Africa and stands as the most common form of cancer affecting women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The aim of this finding is to identify breast cancer risk factors in Sub- Saharan Africa by using systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a systematic search of international databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google engi ne to collect relevant studies from 2000 to March 2023. The random-effects model in R software was employed to estimate pooled odds ratios at a 5% significance level. Publication bias was assessed using Egger and Funnel plot methods, with adjustments made using the Trim and Fill method. A sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the model's robustness and stability in data analysis. This study analyzed a total of 24 articles, including 22 case–control, 1 cross-sectional, and 1 cohort study, with a combined participant count of 17,321. The findings revealed several variables associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: like positive family history of breast cancer (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.21), alcohol consumption (OR=1.47, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.96), postmenopausal status of the patients, (OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.81), lower educational level (vs. university level) (OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.70), and residing in an urban area (OR=0.54, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.95) reduced the risk of breast cancer. variables like ever breastfeeding, early age at menarche, physical exercise, BMI, oral contraceptive use and smoking status had no statistically significant association with breast cancer. Theis systematic review and meta-analysis enhance our understanding of breast cancer risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. The study identified significant association between educational level, residence, alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, and menopausal status, while other variables did not link to breast cancer significantly. Smoking also did not display a statistically significant association. This underscores the importa nce of rising awareness about major risk factors, such as education, residence, alcohol intake, fa mily history, and menopausal status, to inform decision making and encourage preventive action like reducing alcohol consumption and adhering to regular screenig.