GNITEKRAM ,NOITCUDORP YRIAD FO YDUTS EVITARAPMOC ODNOW NI SEITINUTROPPO DNA STNIARTSNOC ,SMETSYS DNA TENEG ,ASSAWAH HTUOS NRE AIPOIHTE

Abstract

A c vitarapmo e uts dy fo riad y dorp uc noit a dn ram ek gnit systems, c stniartsno na d tinutroppo ies saw c rra i de tuo ni odnoW Ge ten a dn assawaH rA ea fo So htu e nr oihtE pia. The jbo ce t vi e fo the duts y saw ot ide itn fy dna itiroirp ze ht e ts r htgne , weakne ss , tinutroppo ies dna ht re ta s pe niniatr g ot iad ry orp duc noit dna am rk gnite system ni the uts dy ra eas. sopruP i ev lpmas i sgn ollof wed by modnar gnilpmas orp c sse rew e olpme ey d ot select re rp ese atn t vi e kebeles a dn 021 suoh eho sdl orf m W odno Ge ten dna aH w assa ra ea. paR di ram ek t siarppa a sl (RM )A were e lpm oyed ni dro er ot col el ct eler v na t atad morf eht re eps ctive k ye fni namro ts ta ffid ere tn ats ges. The atad were sylana ed u gnis descr tpi i ev tsitats ics fo SPS S. T rh ee types fo li ev s cot k rp o ud c noit ys ts e sm were ide fitn ied ni the cirtsid t, n ma ely ri r detagi roforga e rs ty ab sed p udor c noit system, c por - vil e ts o kc mixed gnimraf dna nabru and per- nabru oitcudorp n syste .m vA e egar imaf ly is ze fo iad ry udorp ec rs in yduts area saw 6. ±11 1.61 nosrep s per suoh e loh d. irojaM ty of the c tta le nwo ed by ht e pmas led ho su e sdloh were c bssor r dee . The va e ar ge c bssor r dee lim k gni ca tt le re ra ed ni the duts y ra ea saw 1. 6±45 2. rojaM ef ed re cruos es su ed by ht e h suo e sdloh erew gus er cane lea ev s, enset le va e ;s ssarg hay, orc p re dis ues ( morf teff, ma ezi , rab ley dna hw e ta ), c cno e artn tes, in lairtsud by- udorp cts. Some mraf e sr a osl used n no - c vno e noitn la f ee d like atela, bo el na d las t. aV st bmun ers of the uoh se sdloh ni the s ut dy are sa ( 39 . )%7 niatbo ed the retaw morf pat . tsoM fo ht e uoh se oh l sd ( 67 2. %) su ed AI rof rb ee d gni arp cti ec dna lno y few oh use dloh s’ su ed loc la lub l ( 32 8. %). The ojam r sid ease of ca ltt e di ent fi ied ni ht e c ru re tn s idut ed areas saw sam t iti s (70 )% , Black leg ( 01 8. )% , ypmul sk ni (7.5 )% na d ohrraid ea (5 )% . The a ev gar e liad y im lk yie sdl for ol c la c wo ni the evrus ey d are sa were 1. 37 lite sr dna rof c ssor br ee d 10. 88 l reti s. The va e gar e tnuoma fo mil c k o musn ed ta oh m ,e orp dna dlos c sse ed ni duts eht y are saw a 2.68, 19 3 dna 12. . il 32 te sr resp ce tiv yle . The ad ri y ram ek t gni system ide itn fied saw e itn rely rofni m la . O ev ar ll , p cir e fo da ri y c idommo t ei s were lfni ue cn ed by c ram tah ek t, saf t gni ad ys, sid t na ec morf ht e am r ek t. T sih were re rop ted ot eb a rojam af ctor t tah ibihorp ted fa mr ers morf sel gnil hw o el fresh klim ot abru n c musno e sr dna lauq ity of riad y tcudorp s. riaD y udorp c noit s were c tsno r nia ed tsom ly by f ee d ohs r egat , id seas ,e al kc fo xe te noisn su tropp dna roop k won le gd e ni amina l ganam ement. L gra e hu nam noitalupop dna v re y hgih rate of inabru z noita , evorpmi d ni c mo e ni mos e segm stne fo ht e os cie yt , the xe si ten ec fo v suoira ognon ev nr me atn l noitazinagro ni volved ni riad y research dna deve mpol e tn ac ssor ht e fid ferent strap fo the c tnuo ry si an ppo inutro ty ot c emo pu wi ht a os l noitu rof c lah le segn aht t c iartsno n ad ri y udorp c oit n na d of r ol w u atp ke fo iad ry et c golonh ies in the c uo n .