Dairy Science and Technology
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Item PRODUCTION PRACTICES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF RAW COW MILK PRODUCED BY SMALL HOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN DALE DISTRICT, SIDAMA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) TIZITA LAMESGINThis study was carried out in Dale district to assess milk production practices, chemical composition, and microbial quality of raw cow milk from smallholder farms in both rural and urban areas. A mix of purposive and random sampling was used to select four kebeles. A total of 185 randomly selected farmers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Sixty milk samples were collected from unidentified cross-bred cows for laboratory analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Most dairy producers (89.2%) were male. In rural areas, 73.1% raised local breeds, while in urban areas, 29.4% did so. Artificial Insemination (AI) was the preferred breeding method for 49.9% of farmers. Daily milk yield was 1.91±0.61 liters (rural) and 2.27±0.63 liters (urban) for local breeds, and 5.29±0.72 liters (rural) and 7.17±0.82 liters (urban) for cross-breeds.The overall lactation periode of local breed cow 55.1%were 7-8 month while,Lactation periods of cross breeds cows48.6% were9-11 months, About 63.2% kept cattle in separate barns. Most rural barns had muddy floors (81.1%), while urban barns used concrete (62.7%). Bedding was mostly absent (77.8%). Nearly all rural farmers (97.8%) used manure as fertilizer, whereas urban farmers disposed of it. Barn cleaning was done once daily in rural (73.1%) and twice daily in urban areas (80.4%).All farmers practiced hand milking, and 89.2% milked twice daily. Rural farmers mostly stored milk in cool places, while urban farmers sold it immediately. Plastic containers were commonly used for milking (68.6%) and transport (65.4%). Almost all respondents cleaned milk equipment (98.9%) with hot and cold water. Most used Olea Africana smoke to clean containers (96.8%). However, 53.7% of rural farmers did not wash the udder before milking, compared to 74.5% of urban farmers who did. Only 45.5% used individual towels. Key issues affecting milk quality were lack of awareness, poor hygiene, no clean water, and absence of milk cooling systems.The average fat, protein, total solids, solids-not-fat, and lactose contents in rural milk samples were 4.30±0.42, 3.07±0.12, 12.81±0.80, 8.51±0.91, and 4.19±0.32, respectively. In urban areas, the values were 3.90±0.43, 3.04±0.28, 13.33±0.71, 8.43±0.80, and 4.25±0.29, respectively. The overall average values were 4.06±0.47 (fat), 3.09±0.18 (protein), 12.53±0.77 (total solids), 8.46±0.84 (solids-not-fat), and 4.23±0.30 (lactose). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in fat and total solids between rural and urban areas. Regarding microbial quality, total bacterial, coliform, yeast, and mold counts were 7.03±0.28, 4.75±0.20, and 4.63±0.15 log cfu/mL in rural areas, and 6.79±0.19, 4.63±0.13, and 4.54±0.08 log cfu/mL in urban areas, respectively. The overall averages were 6.88±0.25 (total bacteria), 4.68±0.17 (coliform), and 4.58±0.08 (yeast and mold) log cfu/mL. These values showed significant differences between rural and urban milk samples. In conclusion, the study found that raw cow milk in the area were often contaminated and did not meet the Ethiopian quality standards. Therefore, it is recommended that awareness be raised among smallholder dairy farmers about proper milk production methods, hygiene practices, and quality control systems.Item Role of Gender in Dairy Cattle Management, Milk Production and Microbial Quality, Among Smallholder Farms in Shashemene, Hawassa, and Yirgalem districts, Ethiopia(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2025) ELLENI CHERINETThis study explores the role of gender in dairy cattle management, milk production, microbial quality, and value addition among smallholder farms in the Shashemene, Hawassa, and Yirgalem districts, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 150 households, where half of the farms had women-led and the other half had male-led farm management. In addition, 80 raw milk samples were analyzed for microbial quality, focusing on Total Plate Count (TPC), coliform counts (CC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) using standard microbiological methods. Small-scale farms dominated (69.4%), with male-led farm management households accounting for 72.2%. Female-led farm management households managed smaller herds (mean 2.7 cows) and produced less milk daily (mean 6.2 liters) than male-led farm management (mean herd size 4.3 cows; mean milk production 9.5 liters). Observational results showed significant gender differences in 8 of 14 management practices (p < 0.05), with Female-led farm management excelling in milking hygiene, milk storage, feed management, and processing despite facing 1.8 times more equipment access challenges. Milk from women-led farms had better microbial quality; Total Plate Count (TPC) was significantly lower (mean log₁₀ CFU/mL 4.2) than male-led farm management (mean 5.1), confirmed by chi-square tests (p < 0.001). Logistic regression indicates gender, education, and location as significant predictors of processing engagement (all p < 0.05). Female-led farm management was 2.1 times more likely to practice hygiene, and higher education increased modern technique adoption by 2.3 times. These findings highlight women's often-overlooked role in ensuring milk quality and safety and maintaining high standards in dairy production, even under constrained conditions. The study concludes that supporting women through targeted training, improved infrastructure, and access to veterinary services could lead to better milk quality and more equitable outcomes in the dairy sector. These insights provide important guidance for inclusive agricultural development policies and strengthen the case for investing in gender-responsive approaches to enhance Ethiopia’s smallholder dairy value chainItem ASSESSMENT OF HANDLING PRACTICES, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF RAW COW’S MILK IN DALE AND LOKA ABAYA DISTRICTS, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) ZERIHUN BOGALEThe study was conducted in Dale and Loka Abaya districts to assess handling practices, physicochemical properties and microbial quality of raw cow’s milk in supply chains of two Agro-ecologies. A total of 120 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed on milk handling practices. For quality parameters analysis, forty five raw milk samples were taken from producers in two agro ecologies using random sampling method. The result indicated that, majority of respondents use clay pot (71.6 %) for milking and 67.5% of them use plastic equipment for transporting their milk to the market. Majority of respondents (83.34%) were not washing udder before milking and only 21.67% of the milkers washed their hands before milking. Cleaning and smoking of milking vessels were common in the study area. Pond was the main water sources used for cleaning purpose whereas Olea africana, Terminalla brownii, and Juniperous procera are the most frequently used plant species for smoking milk vessels. The overall mean for ph , specific gravity, titratable acidity, total solids, fat, solids-not-fat, protein and lactose contents of milk samples were 6.42 ± 0.26, 1.03 ± 0.002, 0.19 ± 0.05, 13.49 ± 0.41, 4.9 ± 0.39, 8.31 ± 0.13, 3.13 ± 0.21 and 4.67 ± 0.44, respectively. The overall mean for Ph, titratable acidity and solid not fat had significant differences between midland and lowland milk samples. The overall mean total bacterial count, coliform count and yeast and mould count of raw milk samples obtained in the study area were 7.64±0.78, 5.89±0.87, and 3.97±0.30 log10 cfu/ml respectively. The microbial quality of milk samples obtained from midland producers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those obtained from lowland producers. In general, physicochemical property of milk samples obtained from producers were within the acceptable standard levels, except ph, Specific gravity and Titratable Acidity of marketed milk. Whereas the microbial quality of raw cow milk produced by two agro climatic areas do not meet the national and international standards set by regulatory agencies and thus could pose health hazards to the consumers Therefore, concerned bodies should intervene and support producers in the study area to improve hygienic practices and handling of milk.Item ASSESSMENT OF FEED RESOURCES, FEEDING PRACITCE, MILK PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL QUALITY OF MILK IN MALGA DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2022) SAMUEL SANBATOThe purpose of the study was to assess feed resource, feeding practice, milk production and microbial quality in malga district of Sidama region, Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling procedure with combination of purposive and random sampling technique was employed for selecting the study area and sampled households. Systematic sampling method was used to select respondents from each selected kebele proportionally. The study was conducted by interviewing 150 smallholder milk producers who owned local cows and crossbred which were purposively selected from five kebeles from two agro-ecologies (highland and midland) and these were followed by collecting 35 milk samples from randomly selected milk producers for microbial quality analysis. The common feed resource identified at study area natural pasture 52%, crop residue and enset leaf 12%, improved forge 23.3%, supplemental feed (concentrated feed) 12.7% while feeding system the area free grazing 76.7%, stall feeding 13.3% and both free grazing and stall feeding 10%. The overall mean for local dairy cows and crossbred dairy cows daily milk yield and lactation length were 1.75±0.08 liter/day, 5.9±0.99 months and 4.5±0.17, 7.01±0.04, respectively.The estimated mean daily milk yield based on the farmers response varied significantly (P<0.05) among the agro ecologies. The result indicated that majority of the respondents use the shared with family house, clean their barn daily and more than once a week with 82.7%, 17.3%, and 91.75% respectively. Moreover, milking without hand washing, absence of udder washing and failure to use towel to clean the udder were practiced by 14.7%, 62% and 97.9% of the respondents, respectively. Households used equipment for milking, transportation, storage and churning, clay pot, plastic, and aluminum/stainless steel utensils to keep milk and milk products. The major source of water and water frequency for cleaning and watering their animal rivers 33.3% ponds 59.3% and well water7.7%. Majority of households 68.7% watering their animal once/day respectively. Concerning microbial quality, overall mean total bacterial counts (TBC)and coliform counts (CC) values of milk from current finding were 5.455 ± 0.075 log10 cfu/ml and 4.085 ± 0.02 log10 cfu/ml, respectively.In general, milk from highland area had high total bacterial and coliform load as compared to the sample taken from the midland area. From this study it has been concluded that hygienic milk production and microbial quality of milk from the midland area is better than highland and therefore extension work should focus in creating awareness and training dairy producers in a highland about clean milk production practices..Item CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SHIMPIA AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) YIMER TEKETAY DESSIETraditional dairy products are food products prepared by traditional knowledge of source community. They can have different physicho-chemical and microbiological properties based on the milk source, way of processing and agro-ecological factors. The aim of this study was to evaluating physico-chemical and microbiological quality of shimpia and characterization and testing the antibacterial potential of lactic acid bacteria isolates from Shimpia in the selected districts of Wolayta zone, southern Ethiopia. In line with this, a traditional fermented milk product produced among the Wolayta community called Shimpia was studied. The study was conducted in three selected agro-ecologically different kebeles. Thus, for the questionnaire based survey study, a total of 162 farmers with Kokatemarachere (79), Bossakecha (45) and Gulgula (38) were participated. Additionally, 10 Shimpia sample from each kebele with a total of 30 samples were collected to determine the physicho-chemical and microbial analysis using standard procedures. Besides, the antimicrobial activities of LAB isolates from Shimpia were tested against selected pathogens using disc diffusion assay. The results showed 57.9% of respondents produced Shimpia from milk sourced from local breed cows. The majority (64.8%) of the respondents used tap water for cleaning of equipments used for Shimpia production. Nearly half of (52.5%) the respondents used locally available herbs as cleaning agent. The pH of Shimpia prepared at farmers house ranged from 4.5 to 4.7 with average constituents of total solid 11.7%, fat 4.5%, protein 3.1%, lactose 3.7% and ash 0.7%. The total solid and fat content of the samples were significantly different across the agro-ecological locations (P< 0.05). In addition, enumeration of microorganisms (cfu/g) showed that total aerobic bacteria count (8.79±0.04), yeast and mould count (6.49±0.05), total lactic acid bacteria, (4.77±0.01), and total Coliform count (4.22±0.03). A total of 72 strains of LAB belonging to Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactococus and Entrococus species were isolated and its antimicrobial activities was tested against Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, S,aurious (ATCC-25923) and E.coli O157:H7(ATCC-25922). However, only 8 strains of LAB showed antagonistic effect against pathogens with inhibition zone ranged from 9.0mm to 11.8mm. The isolates’ antagonism effect against different pathogens was significantly different at P < 0.05.Item DAIRY PRODUCTION CHALLENGES, HYGIENIC MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND QUALITY ASPECT AMONG DAIRY PRODUCERS IN HULA DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) TESEMA TOSHE TUCHAThe objective of the study was to assess dairy production challenges, hygienic milk production practices and quality aspect of milk among dairy producers in Hula district, Sidama Region, Ethiopia. A total of 185 dairy producers from rural and urban/peri-urban area were selected for survey. Primary data was collected from households, key informants and through focus group discussion. Secondary data was collected from Hula district livestock and fisher office. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select district and kebele. Households were selected through simple random sampling technique. For milk microbial quality analysis 40 raw fresh milk samples (24 from rural and 16 urban/pri-urban households) were taken directly from the udder and milking bucket/plastic materials to analysis microbial quality. The results showed that majority (83.3%) of interviewed households were males. Most of the respondents (92.5%) reared local dairy cattle breed while small proportion (7.5%) rearing crossbred. Most of the respondent (93.7%) improved their dairy cattle by using local bull while 2.1% and 4.2% used crossed bull and AI service respectively. The major challenges of dairy production in the study area were shortage of feed (36.5%), lack of improved dairy cattle breed (28.35%), animal health problem (23.03%) and shortage of clean water at dry season (12.3%). Challenges related with milk quality were milk adulteration, lack of milk quality based controlling system, lack of quality marketing system and lack of cooling facility. Majority (90.5%) of the households under the current hand wash their hands before milking while the rest (9.5%) don’t. Udder washing before milk is not practiced by higher proportion (88.3%) of the households while the rest (11.7%) do wash. In the study area households use different types of plants for cleaning milk container including Tenadame (Ruta chalepensi, 48.9%), Datata (Lamium amplexicaule, 25.6%) and Bowanyamo (Pedicularis groenlandica, 25.5%). For smoking they used “tid” (Juniperous procera, 64.5%), weyra zaf (Olea africana stem, 12.9%) and were old bamboo (22.6%). There was significant difference (P<0.05%) in TBC and CC between rural and urban/peri-urban. The overall average total bacterial count (TBC) in rural and urban/peri-urban area were 6.0±0.05 and 5.06±0.03 log10 Cfu/ml respectively while coliform count (CC) were 5.1±0.08 and 4.6 ±0.05 log10 Cfu/ml respectively. In generally, milk from rural area had high total bacterial and coliform load as compared to the sample taken from the urban/peri-urban area. The reason for this could be the unhygienic activities such as unclean milking house and equipment, poor personal hygiene, contamination of milk due to infection of udder and teat with mastitis, urine and fecal material predispose the milk for contamination with high microbial load and makes it difficult to ensure production of milk with low microbial load. From this study it is been concluded the milk prhygenic production and microbial quality of milk from the urban/peri urban area is better and therefore extension work should focus in creating awareness and training dairy producers in about good milk production practice.Item ASSESSMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF COW MILK PRODUCED IN ALETAWONDO DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) ASHENAFI SHARO SHALAMOThe purpose of the study was to assess milk production practices and to evaluate microbial quality of raw cows’ milk in Aleta wondo district of Sidama region, Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling procedure with combination of purposive and random sampling technique was employed for selecting the study area and sampled households. Systematic sampling method was used to select respondents from each selected kebele proportionally. The study was conducted by interviewing purposively selected 195 smallholder milk producers from five kebeles from two agro-ecologies (highland and midland) who owned local and crossbred cows. Milk samples were collected from 40 milk producers, small shops, cafes and consumers for microbial quality analysis. The overall average daily milk yield and lactation length for local dairy cows and crossbred dairy cows were 1.55±0.08 liter/day, 8.21±0.99 months and 6.67±0.17 liter/day, 9.31±0.04 months, respectively. The estimated average daily milk yield varied significantly (P<0.05) among the agro ecologies. The result indicated that majority of the respondents (91.3%) did not have cow barn and milking area, 60% of them clean their barn once and more than once a week. Moreover, milking without hand washing, absence of udder washing and failure to use towel to clean the udder were practiced by 34.4%, 52.3% and 73.3% of the respondents, respectively. Households used equipment for milking, transportation, storage and churning, clay pot, plastic, gourd and aluminum/stainless steel utensils to keep milk and milk products. The major source of water for cleaning purpose was tap, rivers ponds and well water. Majority of households 70.3% used cold water for washing milk handling equipment. Concerning microbial quality, overall average total bacterial counts (TBC), coliform counts (CC), yeast and mould (YMC) and Staphylococcus species(SC) values of milk from current finding were 5.699 ± 0.017, 4.689 ± 0.023 log10 cfu/ml,5.366±0.023 and 5.625 ± 0.027, respectively. The microbial load was higher (P<0.05) in different milk sources in the study area except staphylococcus species. In general, overall quality of milk produced as well as marketed in the study area was poor. These were justified from poor hygienic practices and high values of CC that were significantly higher than the acceptable limits set by Ethiopian Standards for unpasteurized milk. Therefore, adequate sanitary and control measures should be taken at all stages from production to consumer level to produce and supply wholesome milk.Item ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION, HANDLING PRACTICES AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF MILK PRODUCED IN ALETA CHUKO DISTRICT OF SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University College of Agriculture, 2021) ALELIGN ROKONSA KALOA study was carried out in Aleta Chuko District rural and peri urban Sidama regional states of Ethiopia. A total of 152 household heads, notably 101 and 51 from rural and peri urban Kebeles, respectively selected among milk producing smallholder household. For selection of rural and peri urban households the lists of farmers were provided by the respective PAs administration offices and interviewed to assessment of the row cow milk production practices and milk handling. For microbial analysis a total of 42 raw milk samples were collected aseptically using sterile sample bottles. The water sources used for cleaning purpose of milk handling equipment in peri-urban and rural households were from river 46.4%, pond 18.7.%, tap 34.9%,. Overall, majority of households (60.2%) used cold water for washing milk handling equipment, while the others (39.8) used warm water. The proportion of households using common towel was 71% and the other 29% used by their hands to dry udder before and after milking. About 81.3% of respondents in current study area smoke the “Weyra zaf” (OleaAfricana) to smoke milk handling equipments and other 18.3% not smoking practices Weyra zaf .Most interviewed household heads in the peri urban areas (15.7%) and rural areas (32.7%), over all mean (24.2%) practiced washing of milking utensils before milking and other over all mean practice before and after (75.2%). Overall 37.2% of the households used clay pot and metal utensils to keep milk and milk products, while 32.9% used glasses especially in urban areas. The majority of household heads (rural) and (peri urban) used for bedding materials, (58.3%) grass covered while others (41.7%) used iron sheet. The overall result indicated that, milk production for household consumption purpose accounts about 28%, whereas for market accounts about 12% and for both consumption and sale purpose accounts about 60%. The microbial quality of raw milk samples show that an average total bacteria of 5.8 and 6.2log10 cfu/ml samples taken from peri urban and rural household heads, respectively. This high level of contamination of milk might be due to initial contamination of milk originating from the udder surface, source of cleaning water, milkier hygienic condition and milking utensils. The mean CC from raw milk samples collected from peri urban and rural raw milk producer households were 5.6 and 5.9 log10 cfu/ml respectively with over all mean value of 5.8 log10 cfu/ml. The overall mean value of yeast mold in the study area5.7log10 cfu/ml and staphylococcus count 5.3log10 cfu/ml and5.4log10 cfu/ml respectively from peri urban and rural Kebeles. In conclusion, the milk production potential and quality of milk in the study area needs the attention of the extension, research and other forms of support for improvement.