Water Resource

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/71

Browse

Start date: 2021End date: 2025

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 87
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum Aestivum L.) YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE STRESS LEVELS AT GEWANE WOREDA, AFAR REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-08-19) ZIYAD RUBE HAMID
    Enhancing water productivity of irrigated crops through Agricultural water management practices is a vital option in water scarce areas. Field experiment was conducted at demonstration site of Gewane Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College located in Gewane woreda, Afar region, Ethiopia. The objective of this research was aimed to identify optimum moisture stress levels for wheat under moisture stress area of Gewane woreda. Ten deficit irrigation levels namely (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 %ETc) and the control (100%ETc) irrigation water application were used in whole growing season of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Adopted wheat variety Fentale -2 was used as testing crop and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The daily climatic parameters used to estimate ETo were collected from Gewane meteorological station. Daily crop water requirement (ETc) was estimated by multiplying reference evapotranspiration with crop coefficient. Yield and yield components were collected and analyzed using SAS 9.0 statistical software. The analysis of variance showed that, the reduction of water application (moisture stress levels) had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on growth parameters, yield and yield components except on the number of tillers per square meter and harvesting index as compared to the full irrigation (100%ETc). The result also showed that, the grain yield reduced as the stress levels increased, whereas water use efficiency was increased as the stress levels increased. The highest grain yield of 4472.2 kg/ha was obtained from full irrigation( 100%ETc) which had no significant difference with irrigation water application up to 70%ETc. Whereas the lowest grain yield of 3475.7 kg/ha was recorded from 45%ETc. In terms of water use efficiency, the highest and lowest water use efficiency of 1.32 and 0.82 kg/m3 was obtained from 45 and 100%ETc respectively. Therefore, wheat could be irrigated at 70%ETc to improve water use efficiency without a significant grain yield reduction. Moreover, it could be irrigated at 45%ETc in area where water use efficiency is top priority with compromise of grain yield reduction by 22.28% as result of saved water to irrigate other crops
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: A CASE STUDY IN MANTHA WATERSHED, OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-05-27) ZERIHUN ZENEBE JEBULA
    In the current study area, the demand for groundwater is increasing. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of this study was to map groundwater potential zones in Mantha watershed using geographic information system and remote sensing. Ten groundwater controlling factors (geology, rainfall, lineament, soil, land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, and distance to river, elevation, and drainage density) were used to map the groundwater potential zones of the study watershed using remote sensing data. Among these, three layers (geology, geomorphology, and soil) of the study watershed were extracted from existing data, and five layers (slope, drainage density, elevation, lineament, and distance to river) were developed using DEM of 30m*30m spatial resolution. 20 years precipitation data obtained from National meteorology Agency of Ethiopia were converted into areal rainfall using inverse distance weight interpolation method integrated with ArcGIS 10.8 to develop rainfall layer of the study watershed. Landsat8 of the year 2020 was used to map the land use/land cover of the study watershed using supervised image classification with maximum likelihood algorism in ERDAS 2015. Then, all thematic layers were reclassified using literatures and Jenks methods and finally rated in analytical hierarchy process. The results of ten thematic layers data rated in in analytical hierarchy process indicated that the most dominant thematic layers that hold high weight relative to others were- geology (28%), rainfall (16.6%), lineament density (12.9%), and soil (10.3%). Groundwater potential map of the study watershed was obtained by using weights derived from AHP and overlay analysis conducted in arc GIS10.8_ platform. There were four groundwater potential zones mapped in the Mantha watershed, namely, very high, high, moderate, and low. The map result was verified by well data and the result showed strong agreement in each category with 85.7%, 83.33%, 90%, and 100% respectively. The finding of this study indicates that the geographic information system and remote sensing model approach are reliable and can be a reliable prospecting method of groundwater potential zone
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    GIS-BASED SURFACE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MUGA WATERSHED EAST GOJAM ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-22) ZELALEM ABEZA
    Assessing available water and land for surface irrigation is important for planning their use. The high dependency on rain-fed farming and erratic rainfall require alternative ways of improving agricultural production. The alternative to improve is through development of small scale irrigation schemes by assessing the available suitable land and water resources in sub-basin level. The objective of this study was assessing the land and water resources potential of Muga watershed in East Gojjam Zone for surface irrigation development using Geographic Information System. Identification of suitable land, estimation of available river flow, and determination of irrigation water requirement were the main steps that were followed. The land irrigation suitability factors considered were: slope, soil, land use/land cover, and river proximity. Estimation of river flow in the six manually added outlets was conducted by simulation after calibration and validation were carried out with the observed flow of gauged river using Soil and water assessment tool. The commonly cultivated crops in the area maize, onion and potato were selected, and the irrigation water requirements of these crops were determined using the CROPWAT8.0 model. Comparison between gross irrigation water requirement of the selected crops for the identified suitable land with simulated river flow at the area of the selected site was carried out. Overall, the weighted overlay analysis of these factors gave a suitable land among river sub-basin as G/muga 560ha, E/muga 3057ha, Bora 670ha, Gibstawit 404ha, and Genet 241ha. Mean monthly flow of 11.4m3 /s were determined at the watershed. A total of 3443ha (5.1%) was found to be potentially suitable for the development of surface irrigation project from a total watershed area of 67535ha. In conclusion, the irrigation potential of the area could be increased either by harvesting rainwater or using groundwater.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES USING QUAL2Kw MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF TIKUR WUHA RIVER; HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-10-26) YARED TEMESGEN
    River water pollution is caused by both natural and artificial activity, such as waste generated from urban area and agricultural lands. The water quality model using QUAL2Kw was conducted to assess the water quality status of Tikur Wuha River and pollution control strategies in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Water samples from this river were collected on March 2023 at different monitoring stations along the river, and their quality was analyzed. The study result indicated that all the measured parameters satisfied the guidelines of the WHO and Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia except BOD5, TSS, and PO4 -3 in the study period. The concentration of DO were meet the permissible limit and two sampling station were below the minimum limit. The measured water quality of the river was appropriate for agricultural activity at all sampling points. The model was applied to simulate the water quality parameters such as flow rate, water temperature, EC, DO, BOD5, pH, TSS, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, and phosphate. The model represented the measured data quite well with some exception. In this study, a stream water quality model, Q2Kw, was used to predict the river water quality using the data collected in dry season. The results from the calibrated model indicate that the model was able to appropriately predict the pollution of the river with |PBAIS| and R 2 values of 1.02% (0.999), (0.65), 8.87% (0.6), and 0.71%, respectively, for temperature, DO, EC, and pH. The model can be applied successfully to generate future scenarios for the study area and applicable to assess the effect of various pollution controls and supporting in-stream measures on key water quality parameters. In general, the study results indicate that proper waste management should be adopted to prevent the continued deterioration and improve the water quality condition of the Tikur Wuha River
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    COMPARISON OF SWAT AND WEPP FOR MODELING ANNUAL RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD AND QUANTIFCATION OF NUTRENT LOSS IN AGEWU MARIYAM WATERSHED, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2022-10-22) YALELET ABIE WORKU
    Unevenly heavy rainstorms during the rainy season create runoff and soil erosion which affects soil fertility and production, especially in northern Ethiopia. In this study soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and geographic water erosion prediction project (GeoWEPP) were applied to compare estimation of annual runoff and sediment yield and quantification of nutrient loss in Agewu-Maryam watersheds eastern Amhara, region, Ethiopia. To run both models, need spatial and temporal data distribution is required as an input. The soil textures and other selected soil properties were determined in the field and the laboratory and a soil map were derived from the digital soil map of the world. A land-use map was prepared based on manually digitizing from Google earth image. A Digital Elevation Model of the watershed was used for delineating the watershed and preparing a slope map. ArcGIS 10.4 was used for both models for basic interface for further analysis. During each runoff event, runoff samples were collected and the sediment concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. The simulation result of long-term (24-year) average means annual runoff and sediment yield from WEPP and SWAT models were estimated. The results were performed well as indicated by R 2 0.86 and 0.91 and with NSE 0.54 and 0.71 for monthly runoff were satisfactory for SWAT and WEPP models compared with observed value respectively The estimated average mean annual runoff and sediment yield at the outlet of the watershed was 65.54mm and 146.14mm and 43t/ha/yr and 41.7t/ha/yr respectively for WEPP and SWAT models. The t statics result shows that there is no statistically significant difference with p-value (0.97 for runoff and 0.98 for sediment) between the two models' simulation results. Some of the Sub watershed were identified and prioritized as more susceptible to soil erosion and give more attention first to this area for reducing runoff and soil erosion. The total nutrients loss within the suspended sediment were 33.74kg/ha/yr N,6.79kg/ha/yr P, 642.5 OM kg/ha/yr, and 1.52 K for the watershed. Hence SWAT and WEPP models were well suited for the estimation of annual runoff and sediment yield. The sediment yield simulated from both models was high which was alarming and far beyond the soil loss tolerable rate. Therefore, the result of the model could be used as a decision-making tool
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON STREAM FLOW AND FUTURE PREDICTIONS OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGES OF BELES SUB-BASIN, UPPER BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-08-22) TSEGA MOGES
    Landuse and land cover change drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human, and it can undermine environmental health. Studying impact of landuse/land cover changes on the stream flow is very important for proper basin management. Hence this study investigated the past and potential future land cover changes, and the impact of the past on the stream flow of Beles Sub-Basin using using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To analyze the change that in the study area, satellite images were downloaded for 1987, 2002, and 2019 years and processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014. Then using supervised image classification, the satellite images were classified to agriculture, wetland, forest, shrub land, and urban land. Accuracy assessment was done, and overall accuracy of 86.25%, 88.7% and 87.9%, were achieved for the classified images of 1987, 2002 and 2019 respectively. The net changes of landuse/land cover of the study area from 1987 to 2019 indicated that forest, shrub land and wet land decreased by 4.73%, 10.59%, and 1.10%, respectively, while Agriculture, and Urban, increased by 14.18%, and 2.24%, respectively. The future LULCs of 2035 and 2055 were projected by IDRISI (CA Markov method), and the result indicated an increase of Agriculture 10.94%, Urban 44.04%, where as forest -12.63%, shrub land -11.35%, and wetland -43.61% decreased. Ten parameters identified to be sensitive for the stream flow. Model calibration was carried out using observed stream flow data from (1989-2010) and The validation was performed from (2011-2019). Both results showed good match between measured and simulated stream flow data with R 2 and ENS achieved 0.80, 0.74 for calibration and 0.64, 0.78 for validation respectively. Due to LULCC, the mean annual Stream flow increased by 3.04m3 /s from 1987-2002, and, 2.83m3 /s from 2002-2019 and seasonal flow increased by 12.05m 3 /s, and 5.49m 3 /s in the wet season, while increased and decreased by 2.13m 3 /s and -2.78m 3 /s respectively in the dry season. The surface runoff increased, while groundwater flow decreased from 1987 to 2002 and from the year 2002 to 2019 the mean monthly stream flow increased by 23.29m3 /s for the wet months while for the dry months decreased by 6.31m3 /s. The Stream flow change to different predefined study years indicates LULCC has significant impacts on the stream flow of the study area. To mitigate LULCC, local and national officials in the Beles Sub-Basin should be invited to develop and implement scientific and suitable planning and management plans
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON STREAM FLOW AND FUTURE PREDICTIONS OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGES OF BELES SUB-BASIN, UPPER BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-08-22) TSEGA MOGES
    Landuse and land cover change drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human, and it can undermine environmental health. Studying impact of landuse/land cover changes on the stream flow is very important for proper basin management. Hence this study investigated the past and potential future land cover changes, and the impact of the past on the stream flow of Beles Sub-Basin using using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To analyze the change that in the study area, satellite images were downloaded for 1987, 2002, and 2019 years and processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014. Then using supervised image classification, the satellite images were classified to agriculture, wetland, forest, shrub land, and urban land. Accuracy assessment was done, and overall accuracy of 86.25%, 88.7% and 87.9%, were achieved for the classified images of 1987, 2002 and 2019 respectively. The net changes of landuse/land cover of the study area from 1987 to 2019 indicated that forest, shrub land and wet land decreased by 4.73%, 10.59%, and 1.10%, respectively, while Agriculture, and Urban, increased by 14.18%, and 2.24%, respectively. The future LULCs of 2035 and 2055 were projected by IDRISI (CA Markov method), and the result indicated an increase of Agriculture 10.94%, Urban 44.04%, where as forest -12.63%, shrub land -11.35%, and wetland -43.61% decreased. Ten parameters identified to be sensitive for the stream flow. Model calibration was carried out using observed stream flow data from (1989-2010) and The validation was performed from (2011-2019). Both results showed good match between measured and simulated stream flow data with R 2 and ENS achieved 0.80, 0.74 for calibration and 0.64, 0.78 for validation respectively. Due to LULCC, the mean annual Stream flow increased by 3.04m3 /s from 1987-2002, and, 2.83m3 /s from 2002-2019 and seasonal flow increased by 12.05m 3 /s, and 5.49m 3 /s in the wet season, while increased and decreased by 2.13m 3 /s and -2.78m 3 /s respectively in the dry season. The surface runoff increased, while groundwater flow decreased from 1987 to 2002 and from the year 2002 to 2019 the mean monthly stream flow increased by 23.29m3 /s for the wet months while for the dry months decreased by 6.31m3 /s. The Stream flow change to different predefined study years indicates LULCC has significant impacts on the stream flow of the study area. To mitigate LULCC, local and national officials in the Beles Sub-Basin should be invited to develop and implement scientific and suitable planning and management plans
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    THE WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS IN THE CASE OF BONOSHA TOWN SHASHOGO WOREDA HADIYA ZONE SNNPR
    (Hawassa University, 2021-12-24) TIMOTIWOS TUFA
    The main objectives of this study was to analyze water supply and demand of Bonosha town water distribution system. The supply part was assessed by collecting data of water source yield in town, which is located north of the town. The town has single water source, which has 4 l/s yield. To evaluate the demand of the town population, number of schools, churches, mosques, health institution, government office and restaurants are assessed. To analyze the existing water distribution system, the EPANET model was developed.The model used to identify the level of velocity through pipe and the zone of high and low pressure. The result of research shows that the non-domestic and domestic water supply coverage of the Bonosha town is 30%. This implies that there is high gap between demand and supply. In addition, from three years obtain data of production and consumption the average loss become 20.18%. Furthermore, the model analysis result shows that there significant problem of pressure and velocity in the system. The majority of junctions have negative pressure. This implies that user are not getting sufficient water. Moreover, the problem of Bonosha town water is insufficient yield, design problem and increasing population. The pump failure is one of major challenge in town
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: CASE STUDY OF GORDAMA AREA, ALETA WONDO WOREDA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-10-25) HABTE THOMAS ABRAHAM
    Unplanned water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research was conducted to carry out the assessment of the water distribution network of Gordama area existing water supply system which is located in Aleta Wondo Woreda of Sidama Region of Ethiopia. To examine the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network, water GEMs modeling was adopted. Accordingly, different reviewed reports, percentage of Non-Revenue for water, and discussions with water service personnel were conducted to collect and analyze water losses. The result showed that the current maximum water demand in Gordama is estimated at 5`11.06 m3/day, while small reservoirs capacity and low pump efficiency were observed in the area water distribution networks. According to simulated results; maximum pressure heads were examined 329.39m and 112.78m on conveyance and main distributions lines respectively. But minimum pressure heads were computed 2.30m and 0 m on the two types of lines. Further, the analyzed water losses result in Gordama area indicates that about 19.5% was Non-Revenue Water. However physical and apparent losses contributed small amount as compared with non-revenue loss. Apparent losses cover 8.84% of total loss and 10.66 % was physical losses. Accordingly, for the case of Gordama community non-revenue losses are more significant; Most of residences were not satisfied on the Gordama area. In general, rising in water demand, small capacities of existing infrastructures and large volume of water loss leads to intermittent water distribution in Gordama area water service. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the water distribution system capacities and provide more attention to water losses reduction policies and strategies as appropriate intervention measures.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    GIS BASED GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL MAPPING AND RECHARGE 1 ESTIMATION: A CASE STUDY IN MELKAODA WATERSHED RIFT VALLEY LAKES 2 BASIN, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-10-24) ADEM BUTA DEKEBO
    The groundwater potential zones of the Melkaoda Watershed were demarcated with the help of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The parameters that were considered for identifying the groundwater potential zone like geology, slope, drainage density, geomorphic units, and lineament density were generated from satellite data and they were then integrated with weighted overlay in ArcGIS. Suitable ranks were assigned for each category of these parameters and weight factors were decided for them based on their capability to store groundwater using AHP approach and then the groundwater potential zones were classified into four categories as very low, low, high & very high. In addition, the groundwater recharge was estimated with the help of the WetSpass model using water balance approach. The parameters considered for this case generally included three types: hydro-meteorological (rainfall, temperature, wind speed, PET, and GWD), bio-physical (soil, landuse, topography, and slope), and attribute lookup (soil lookup, landuse lookup, and rain day lookup) tables. All the hydro-meteorological parameters were interpolated in ArcGIS for grid map preparation of each parameter and the prepared grid map was converted to ASCII file format for the effective model run. The model performance was checked through calibration and the obtained groundwater recharge result ranges 0.45 to 65.5 mm/year with the mean value of 32.87 mm/years and 3.4% contributed to groundwater as recharge. finally, the changes in groundwater recharge between two simulation period was stated again with help of WetSpass model using the LULC images of 1989 and 2018 to quantify the impacts of the LULCC. The parameters used for this analysis were the same as those used for groundwater recharge estimation except for the satellite image of 1989 and the LULCC analysis depicted that there was the expansion of built-up land and agricultural land. Agricultural land and built-up land were increased by 0.046, 2.56 rate per a year from 1989 to 2018 respectively. This paper finalized that there was access to the groundwater potential in the Melkaoda Watershed and this could overcome the water scarcity challenging the community in and around the area. The recharge which has been the main source of groundwater is decreasing from time to time as the result of this paper is indicating. Thus, to get sustainable groundwater potential, the recharge has to be well treated by increasing groundwater recharge