Department of Biology

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AIR POLLUTANTS IN SCHOOL, URBAN, AND INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF HAWASSA CITY, ETHIOPIA: LEVELS AND POSSIBLE HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) ABEBECH NUGUSE AMARE
Air pollution has received enormous attention globally due to its detrimental effects on human health, especially on susceptible populations such as children. However, there is scarce data on concentrations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inorganic gaseous pollutants (NO2, CO, and SO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Ethiopia, particularly Hawassa City. The objective of this PhD work was to determine the indoor and outdoor concentrations of VOCs, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 in schools, urban, and industrial environments in Hawassa City, Ethiopia, and evaluate potential health concerns. VOC samples were taken via the passive sampling method using Tenax TA as a sorbent and analyzed using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS). The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were measured using a portable gas monitor device (HoldPeak Laser PM meter, HP 5800D). Levels of NO2, CO, and SO2 were measured using the Aeroqual Series 500 Portable Air Quality Monitor (Aeroqual Ltd., New Zealand). Concentrations of 76 VOCs were determined in air samples from the classrooms and playgrounds of eight primary schools in Hawassa. Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 were also measured in the outdoor and indoor environments of ten primary schools in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Additionally, indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 were measured in urban and industrial areas of Hawassa City, Ethiopia, in the dry and wet seasons. xxiii The highest total VOCs (TVOCs) concentration (83 μg/m3 ) was observed in a classroom of School 2, followed by a classroom of School 1 (76 μg/m3 ), while the smallest TVOC concentration, 37 μg/m3 , was recorded in the playground of School 8. Among the BTEX, toluene was the most dominant in all samples, ranging from 33% in School 4 to 38% in School 1 of ∑BTEX. The I/O ratios of individual VOC in the schools ranged from 0.44 in School 4 to 9.21 in School 2. The highest cumulative cancer risk (CCR×106 ) and the total hazard ratio indicator (THRI) values were 126 and 1.58E-01, respectively, in a classroom of School 4. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 in the ten primary schools ranged 11–66.3, 30.8–399.7, and 60.5–152 µg/m3 , respectively, and CO and SO2 were not detected in any of the schools. The hazard quotient (HQ) for PM2.5 and PM10 was greater than one in 20% and 50% of the indoor sampling locations, respectively, suggesting moderate risks. The Air Quality Index (AQI) at 40% and 30% of the outdoor sampling sites were unhealthy for sensitive groups due to exposure to PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be above the WHO mean guidelines in 55% and 85% of the sampling sites, respectively, indicating poor quality of the air. In the urban and industrial areas, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were detected during both seasons and at all sampling sites. CO was detected during the wet season but not detected at all during the dry season at any of the sites. SO2 was detected only at one site, S17 (ambient of industry 1), during both studied seasons. During the dry season, the average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 ranged from 8.8–310.7, 20.1–515.8, and 40.0– 123.7 µg/m3 , respectively. In the wet season, the ranges for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO levels were 17.2–117.4, 24.3–167.2, 31.8–111.3, and 77–33312 µg/m3 , respectively. xxiv In both the wet and dry seasons, the hazard quotient for PM2.5 and PM10 was greater than one, suggesting a non-carcinogenic effect. The PM2.5 excess lifetime cancer risk ranged from 0.1 to 0.7, which was greater than the recommended range by the WHO and the US EPA, implying a considerable health risk in urban and industrial areas. The CCR and THRI values indicated that the exposure of children to the measured concentrations of benzene may have potentially harmful effects. Additionally, the AQI, HQ values, and concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 indicated poor air quality in the schools and suggested a significant health risk for all populations around the schools.
ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE JIGSAW LEARNING MODEL IN IMPROVING SECONDARY SCHOOL BIOLOGY EDUCATION IN GEDEO ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA
(Hawssa University, 2025-05) YIDNEKACHEW AWRARIS
This study evaluated effects of Jigsaw learning model in improving secondary school biology education in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was employed, involving two secondary schools. One school (n = 40 students) was randomly assigned to the intervention group, while the other (n = 41 students) served as the control group. Data were collected using multiple choice biology achievement tests, close ended likert-acle student engagement questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and classroom observations. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, MANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis, while the qualitative data were analyzed thematically through coding and categorization of interview transcripts, documents, and observational notes. Analysis of the pretest data revealed that no significant difference in biology achievement score (t(79) =1.34, P = 0.187), peer relationship scores (t(79) = 1.544, P = 0.126), academic support scores (t(79) =0.391, P = 0.697), and Overall learning gains scores (t(79) = 0.556, P = 0.58). After a 16-week intervention, the Jigsaw model resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group's post-test biology achievement scores (t(79) = 6.19, P < 0.05), Peer relationships scores (t(79) = 14.334, P< 0.05), academic supports scores (t(79) = 8.395, P < 0.05), and overall learning gains scores (t(79) = 9.463, P < 0.05). However, the intervention showed no notable impact on gender-based post-test achievement scores among experimental group participants (mean difference = 2.2, ES = 0.008, P > 0.05). The MANOVA results showed that the jigsaw model had broader impacts on peer relationships, academic support, and overall learning gains revealing moderate to substantial effects (Partial η2 = 0.471 0.722). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among peer relationships, academic support and overall learning gains. Multiple regression analysis indicated that peer relationships and academic support together explained 43.2% of the variance in learning gains in biology. The qualitative findings supported these results; the Jigsaw model has positive impact on student engagement and understandings, achievement of course objectives and builds relationships with their peers. However, several challenges were identified, including unfamiliarity with the method, resource constraints, and resistance from some teachers. These findings suggest that the Jigsaw model has the potential to shift biology instruction from content driven to learner-centered approach. To maximize impact, schools should invest in teacher training, allocate resources for cooperative learning, and integrate Jigsaw into curricula. Future research should explore long-term sustainability and scalability across diverse Ethiopian educational settings.
Applied Dairy Microbiology
(Hawassa University, 2001) Elmer H. Marth; James L. Steele
ASESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, STATUS OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES: THE CASE OF BISHAAN GURRACHA TOWN, WEST ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) MATIYAS AZAGE BETANE
Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is essential for safeguarding public health. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water supply and evaluate sanitation and hygiene practices in Bishaan Gurracha town, located in the West Arsi zone of the Oromia region, Ethiopia. The methodology involved selecting water sources and households for sample collection, employing data collection instruments including household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. Laboratory analyses were conducted to measure various physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, TDS, EC, alkalinity, nitrates, chlorides, free chlorine, heavy metals, and bacteriological indicators including total coliforms and fecal coliform. Sanitation coverage and hygiene practices were assessed using appropriate questionnaires to ensure data suitability for statistical analyses. The results indicated that most physicochemical water quality parameters met the standard values recommended by WHO/ESA, except for temperature and turbidity. Temperature ranged from 24.33°C to 26.17°C, and turbidity ranged from 5.62 NTU to 6.73 NTU. Total coliforms were present in all water samples from source water and household storage containers, with a significant number of samples also testing positive for fecal coliforms. The mean total coliform counts varied between 18 CFU/100ml to 101 CFU/100ml for source water and 16 CFU/100ml to 81 CFU/100ml for household storage water. These findings suggest potential deterioration in the untreated drinking water distribution system within Bishaan Guracha town, as the total coliform and fecal coliform counts exceeded the recommended standards set by national and WHO guidelines. Inadequate sanitation facilities in many homes pose significant health risks to the community in Bishaan Guracha town. The absence of proper toilets and improved sanitation systems increases the likelihood of fecal contamination, leading to the transmission of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever. Immediate interventions are therefore necessary, including decontamination of water sources, repair of distribution lines, expansion of sanitation infrastructure, and increased awareness of hygiene practices. It is recommended to regularly monitor water quality and encourage community participation in sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services.
ASESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, STATUS OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES: THE CASE OF BISHAAN GURRACHA TOWN, WEST ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.
(Hawssa University, 2024-06) MATIYAS AZAGE BETANE
Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is essential for safeguarding public health. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water supply and evaluate sanitation and hygiene practices in Bishaan Gurracha town, located in the West Arsi zone of the Oromia region, Ethiopia. The methodology involved selecting water sources and households for sample collection, employing data collection instruments including household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. Laboratory analyses were conducted to measure various physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, TDS, EC, alkalinity, nitrates, chlorides, free chlorine, heavy metals, and bacteriological indicators including total coliforms and fecal coliform. Sanitation coverage and hygiene practices were assessed using appropriate questionnaires to ensure data suitability for statistical analyses. The results indicated that most physicochemical water quality parameters met the standard values recommended by WHO/ESA, except for temperature and turbidity. Temperature ranged from 24.33°C to 26.17°C, and turbidity ranged from 5.62 NTU to 6.73 NTU. Total coliforms were present in all water samples from source water and household storage containers, with a significant number of samples also testing positive for fecal coliforms. The mean total coliform counts varied between 18 CFU/100ml to 101 CFU/100ml for source water and 16 CFU/100ml to 81 CFU/100ml for household storage water. These findings suggest potential deterioration in the untreated drinking water distribution system within Bishaan Guracha town, as the total coliform and fecal coliform counts exceeded the recommended standards set by national and WHO guidelines. Inadequate sanitation facilities in many homes pose significant health risks to the community in Bishaan Guracha town. The absence of proper toilets and improved sanitation systems increases the likelihood of fecal contamination, leading to the transmission of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever. Immediate interventions are therefore necessary, including decontamination of water sources, repair of distribution lines, expansion of sanitation infrastructure, and increased awareness of hygiene practices. It is recommended to regularly monitor water quality and encourage community participation in sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services.
ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF RAW VEGETABLES COLLECTED FROM SELECTED MARKETS IN HAWASSA CITY, ETHIOPIA
(2023-11) DEBEBE DOGISO
Intestinal parasite infections are the most common cause of disease in humans and the main contributor to morbidity and mortality. Consumption of unwashed raw vegetables is one of the key entry routes for such illnesses. This study focuses on assessing the presence of intestinal parasites on raw vegetables sold in selected markets in Hawassa City. A crosssectional study was conducted from February to April 2023 to determine the parasitic contamination of vegetables. The samples included 384 vegetables selected from 6 types of vegetable including lettuce, cabbage, carrot, tomato, green pepper, and potato. The samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed using direct microscopy and staining methods. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sign ranked test in SPSS software. Analyses revealed that out of the 384 samples collected, 196(51.04%) were contaminated with intestinal parasites. The identified parasite include Giardia lamblia 31.7%, Entamoeba histolytica 26.8%, Ascaris lumbricoides 21.3%, Cryptosporidium parvum 13.5%, Strongyloides stercoralis 12.2%, Enterobius vermicularis 6.7%, Balantidum coli 6.5%, Entamoeba coli 3.1%, hookworm 2.6%, Cyclospora caytanesis 1.8%, Isospora belli 1.8% and Trichuris trichiura 1.8%. The contamination varied among different vegetable types, with cabbage 75%, lettuce 70.3%, potato 56.3%, tomato 39.1%, carrot 37.5% and green pepper 28.1%. The samples were contaminated with eggs 22.6%, larvae 22.6%, cysts 61.7%, trophozoites 6.5% and oocysts 17.1%. The findings of this study highlight the presence of intestinal parasites on raw vegetables sold in selected local markets in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. The vendors and consumers should practice proper sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as wear appropriate footwear
ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN VISITING ASSELA REFERRAL HOSPITAL
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) TILAHUN ENDALE
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and undernutrition in under-five children are of significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries and contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, under-five children are more susceptible to infection. However, information is scarce in the study area. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between intestinal parasites and the anthropometric status of outpatients under five children in Assela referral hospital, east Arsi zone, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at Assela referral hospital from February 15 to March 15, 2024. Stool samples were collected from 227 children and examined using direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Children's weight, height, and Z scores were measured using a digital balance scale and a wooden board, with mothers or caregivers deducted from weight. The data were entered into Excel and analyzed using WHO-Anthro Plus software version v3.2.2 and SPSS v24 statistical software, respectively. An AOR analysis was done to test the association between intestinal parasites and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 38 (16.7%), 64 (28.2%), and 59 (26%), respectively. The total prevalence of parasitosis was 19.4% of children infected with at least one type of intestinal parasite. The most common intestinal parasitic infections detected in the study were E. histolytica (8.4%), E.Vermicularis (4.4%), and Giardia lamblia (3.5%). Residence (P: <0.001), deworming (P: 0.009), toilet (P: 0.034), and others like: fingernail cleanness, water source and parental education levels were the predictor variables for the prevalence of IPIs. Protozoan parasites are the most common cause of disease in under-five children in the area. Public health interventions for intestinal parasitic infections include targeted deworming programs, health education campaigns, sanitation improvements, routine screening, nutritional support, community-based interventions, and comprehensive health policies.
ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN VISITING ASSELA REFERRAL HOSPITAL
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-11) TILAHUN ENDALE
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and undernutrition in under-five children are of significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries and contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, under-five children are more susceptible to infection. However, information is scarce in the study area. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between intestinal parasites and the anthropometric status of outpatients under five children in Assela referral hospital, east Arsi zone, Ethiopia. An institutional-based crosssectional study was conducted at Assela referral hospital from February 15 to March 15, 2024. Stool samples were collected from 227 children and examined using direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Children's weight, height, and Z scores were measured using a digital balance scale and a wooden board, with mothers or caregivers deducted from weight. The data were entered into Excel and analyzed using WHO-Anthro Plus software version v3.2.2 and SPSS v24 statistical software, respectively. An AOR analysis was done to test the association between intestinal parasites and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 38 (16.7%), 64 (28.2%), and 59 (26%), respectively. The total prevalence of parasitosis was 19.4% of children infected with at least one type of intestinal parasite. The most common intestinal parasitic infections detected in the study were E. histolytica (8.4%), E.Vermicularis (4.4%), and Giardia lamblia (3.5%). Residence (P: <0.001), deworming (P: 0.009), toilet (P: 0.034), and others like: fingernail cleanness, water source and parental education levels were the predictor variables for the prevalence of IPIs. Protozoan parasites are the most common cause of disease in under-five children in the area. Public health interventions for intestinal parasitic infections include targeted deworming programs, health education campaigns, sanitation improvements, routine screening, nutritional support, community-based interventions, and comprehensive health policies.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM IN WONDO GENET, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Hawssa University, 2025-03) TESEMA TAYE
Land use change can have both negative and positive effects on soil physico-chemical properties and microbial biomass. The agricultural activity primarily strongly influence the soil physico chemical and microbial futures, it also regulates annual carbon turn over. Studying the soil microbial biomass and physico-chemical properties under different land use types is great practical significant for land use and soil management regarding soil carbon dynamics and climate change mitigation. The objective of this study was, to investigate the impact of land-use change on physical, chemical and microbial biomass properties in Wondo Genet Woreda, Sidama, Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from three different agroforestry systems, namely Enset, Enset-Coffee and Enset-coffee-avocado land use type and two soil depths (0–15cm and 15-30 cm) and 20 samples were collected in each land use types. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (tN), soil microbial biomass were determined by titration method, micro-kjeldahl method, and fumigation extraction method, respectively. The study found that microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and soil pysico-chemical properties were significantly varied among agroforestry systems across the soil depth. The result show that among all agroforestry systems the highest microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were observed in the Enset-coffee- avocado, Enset-coffee and Enset which accounts for (1601.3±206.31µg/g), (138.03±17.78µg/g), (288.24±39.06µg/g) on the upper parts of the soil, respectively. The microbial biomass ratio observed as the same fashion in all agroforestry. Enset-coffee-avocado (11.6 µg/g ), Enset-coffee (10.64 µg/g) and Enset (9.2 µg/g) in the upper parts of the soil. Soil OC was found to be higher in enset- coffee-avocado (3.43±0.35%) followed by enset-coffee (2.14±0.22%) and Enset (1.81±0.28%) land use types. tN was found to be higher in enset-coffee avocado (0.29±0.03%), followed by enset-coffee (0.18±0.01%) and enset(0.16±0.02% ). The result of the study indicates that the microbial biomass and soil physico-chemical properties highly correlated with the type of vegetation and soil depths. The values of these parameters in enset-coffee- avocado were higher. Thus enset-coffee-avocado based land type has the potential for improving soil quality and properties in the short term in the tropics.
ASSESSMENT ON COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND PRACTICES TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN JIMMA TOWN AND SURROUNDING RURAL KEBELES, OROMMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-11) HARUNE ABAFOGI
Most households in Africa including Ethiopia still use biomass fuel to cooking their food and for heating in poorly ventilated houses. Indoor air pollution (IAP) is the presence of one or more contaminants in the indoor environment that has a degree of human health risk. The main objective of this study was to investigate community perception and level of community awareness towards IAP in Jimma town and surrounding rural kebele. Cross-sectional research design was used to achieve the study. Structured questionnaires, FGD and household observation were used as the data collection tools. Representative samples 360 households were included by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed by SPSS both bivariate correlation and logistic regression was applied for the statistical test. The results majority of respondents (74.45%) the main source of energy for cooking was fire wood (88.6%) and charcoal (74.4), traditional type of stoves was made of cooking by majority (88.6%), in average (71.9%) respondents were aware of the source of IAP, most of (72.5%)household the two social groups were aware of the route of exposure and effects of IAP, largely (84.4%) respondents knew that exposure to IAP can affect human health and cause diseases, and lastly average (57.9%) of respondents knew that to reduce and prevent IAP. Majority (98.6%) of the respondents thinks that using cooking fuel that emits less smoke could prevent IAP. Other preventive mechanisms reported include: prohibiting cigarette smoking in living houses (98.0%), cooking always outside living houses (94.6%), avoiding living with domestic animals (95.2%) and keeping windows/doors open most of the time (91.2%). The households in this study had (71.9%) good awareness about the source of IAP, adverse health effects of IAP exposure and preventing measures of these adverse health effects, however, (84.4%) majority of them were still living with the risk factors associated with IAP in their daily living. There is need to provide education/awareness creation regarding air quality and its effects on health would be important and this can be implemented through community-based organizations that have wide acceptance in the study communities.
ASSESSMENTS OF HOSPITAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF SAINT PAULS MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE’S HOSPITAL AND GIRUM HOSPITAL, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) FEKEDE GELETA HORA
With an emphasis on the potential threats hospital solid waste poses to healthcare personnel, the public, and the environment if improperly managed, the study assessed the solid waste management practices at St. Paul's Millennium Medical College and Girum Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study's objectives were to characterize the types, determine the generation rates, assess the KAP of the hospitals administrative and health care workers, and investigate the challenges and opportunities in hospital solid waste management’s of the study Hospitals. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess HCW management methods and generation rate using direct observation, interviews, questionnaire surveys, and weighing scales, with data analyzed using SPSS 22. The Government Hospital (St. Pauli's) generated 882.30±49.54 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 1.757 kg/patient/day (1.6 kg bed day‒1 and 0.157 kg/outpatient/day) of 61.25% being classified as hazardous waste, and the remaining 38.75% being general waste. The private hospital (Girum) produced 124.81±65.24 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 2.12 kg/patient/day (1.8 kg bed‒1day-1 and 0.32 kg/outpatient/day) of 57.05% being classified as hazardous waste, while the remainder, 42.795%, was general waste. High hazardous waste generation rates exceed the WHO's 10–25% estimate, primarily due to inadequate waste source segregation. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in waste generation rates between hospitals for all the HCW categories (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the mean generation rate of the HCW within the government hospital wards as well as within the private hospital wards (P˃ 0.05). Ward chiefs, medical directors, and department heads all have high KAP scores; however, "hospital administrators have a medium, and waste handlers have a low." The KAP scores of the private hospital outperformed that of the government. St. Paul's intermediate storage area converts all forms of waste (excluding sharp waste) into hazardous waste. St. Paul's inadequate placenta disposal, as well as Girum Hospital's feeding all types of produced trash into a low-combustion incinerator, may have endangered both the population and the environment. Inefficient waste management is caused by a lack of legislation and failure to follow guidelines.
ASSESSMENTS OF HOSPITAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF SAINT PAULS MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE’S HOSPITAL AND GIRUM HOSPITAL, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) FEKEDE GELETA HORA
With an emphasis on the potential threats hospital solid waste poses to healthcare personnel, the public, and the environment if improperly managed, the study assessed the solid waste management practices at St. Paul's Millennium Medical College and Girum Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study's objectives were to characterize the types, determine the generation rates, assess the KAP of the hospitals administrative and health care workers, and investigate the challenges and opportunities in hospital solid waste management’s of the study Hospitals. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess HCW management methods and generation rate using direct observation, interviews, questionnaire surveys, and weighing scales, with data analyzed using SPSS 22. The Government Hospital (St. Pauli's) generated 882.30±49.54 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 1.757 kg/patient/day (1.6 kg bed day‒1 and 0.157 kg/outpatient/day) of 61.25% being classified as hazardous waste, and the remaining 38.75% being general waste. The private hospital (Girum) produced 124.81±65.24 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 2.12 kg/patient/day (1.8 kg bed‒1day-1 and 0.32 kg/outpatient/day) of 57.05% being classified as hazardous waste, while the remainder, 42.795%, was general waste. High hazardous waste generation rates exceed the WHO's 10–25% estimate, primarily due to inadequate waste source segregation. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in waste generation rates between hospitals for all the HCW categories (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the mean generation rate of the HCW within the government hospital wards as well as within the private hospital wards (P˃ 0.05). Ward chiefs, medical directors, and department heads all have high KAP scores; however, "hospital administrators have a medium, and waste handlers have a low." The KAP scores of the private hospital outperformed that of the government. St. Paul's intermediate storage area converts all forms of waste (excluding sharp waste) into hazardous waste. St. Paul's inadequate placenta disposal, as well as Girum Hospital's feeding all types of produced trash into a low-combustion incinerator, may have endangered both the population and the environment. Inefficient waste management is caused by a lack of legislation and failure to follow guidelines.
ASSESSMENTS OF HOSPITAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF SAINT PAULS MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE’S HOSPITAL AND GIRUM HOSPITAL, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Hawssa University, 2024-06) FEKEDE GELETA HORA
With an emphasis on the potential threats hospital solid waste poses to healthcare personnel, the public, and the environment if improperly managed, the study assessed the solid waste management practices at St. Paul's Millennium Medical College and Girum Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study's objectives were to characterize the types, determine the generation rates, assess the KAP of the hospitals administrative and health care workers, and investigate the challenges and opportunities in hospital solid waste management’s of the study Hospitals. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess HCW management methods and generation rate using direct observation, interviews, questionnaire surveys, and weighing scales, with data analyzed using SPSS 22. The Government Hospital (St. Pauli's) generated 882.30±49.54 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 1.757 kg/patient/day (1.6 kg bed day‒1 and 0.157 kg/outpatient/day) of 61.25% being classified as hazardous waste, and the remaining 38.75% being general waste. The private hospital (Girum) produced 124.81±65.24 kg/day of total solid waste, with an average of 2.12 kg/patient/day (1.8 kg bed‒1day-1 and 0.32 kg/outpatient/day) of 57.05% being classified as hazardous waste, while the remainder, 42.795%, was general waste. High hazardous waste generation rates exceed the WHO's 10–25% estimate, primarily due to inadequate waste source segregation. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in waste generation rates between hospitals for all the HCW categories (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the mean generation rate of the HCW within the government hospital wards as well as within the private hospital wards (P˃ 0.05). Ward chiefs, medical directors, and department heads all have high KAP scores; however, "hospital administrators have a medium, and waste handlers have a low." The KAP scores of the private hospital outperformed that of the government. St. Paul's intermediate storage area converts all forms of waste (excluding sharp waste) into hazardous waste. St. Paul's inadequate placenta disposal, as well as Girum Hospital's feeding all types of produced trash into a low-combustion incinerator, may have endangered both the population and the environment. Inefficient waste management is caused by a lack of legislation and failure to follow guidelines.
Characterization, Symbiotic Effectiveness and Host range of Alfalfa Nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Soils of Selected Kebele‘s in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia.
(Hawassa University, 2024-09) Bunamo Mitiku
Feed shortage, low quality and seasonal fluctuations have constrained livestock production in Ethiopia. Using high-yielding, good quality and drought-tolerant forage legumes like alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been suggested to overcome the feed constraints. Alfalfa is an important forage crop, which forms a symbiotic relationship with nodule-forming bacteria Sinorhizobum meliloti. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness and host range of rhizobia isolated from smallholder farmers’ fields in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State of Ethiopia using Alfalfa as a trap plant. To this end, a total of 12 bacterial isolates were trapped from different soil samples. The isolates showed differences in various presumptive, cultural, biochemical characteristics and physiological tolerances. Six (50 %) of the isolates( ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1, ANR 5 and ANR 11) could nodulate alfalfa with significant difference (P<0.05) in their capacity to infect and effectively fix nitrogen as evidenced from variations in nodulation parameters, shoot dry weights and shoot length. Accordingly, the isolates induced nodulation with nodule number ranging from 25.67 (ANR 9) to 9.00 (ANR 11) nodule per plant; nodule dry weight of 0.07 mg per plant (ANR 9) to 0.03 mg per plant (ANR 11); shoot dry weight ranging between 0.96 (ANR 9) and 0.17 (ANR 4) mg per plant and shoot length ranging from 30.50 (ANR 9) cm -11.47 (ANR 4) cm per plant. Using shoot dry weight as an indicator of the relative effectiveness, it was found that 33.3% of the isolates were highly effective (SE > 85 %) and 8.3 % were effective (SE ranging from 55 to 85 %) on alfalfa. Furthermore, the isolates showed broad host ranges on three legume species, namely, faba bean (Vicia faba), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and lentil (Lens culinaris). All the six isolates (100 %) formed nodules with effective nitrogen fixation in faba bean, common bean and lentils exhibiting varying levels of effectiveness. Five of the six rhizobial isolates, ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1 and ANR 5 exhibited high N2-fixation efficiency and are recommended for further evaluation to use them as inoculants for different legumes. We also recommend these isolates for molecular characterization to determine their phylogeny and taxonomic classes.
Characterization, Symbiotic Effectiveness and Host range of Alfalfa Nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Soils of Selected Kebele‘s in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia.
(Hawassa University, 2024-06) Bunamo Mitiku
Feed shortage, low quality and seasonal fluctuations have constrained livestock production in Ethiopia. Using high-yielding, good quality and drought-tolerant forage legumes like alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been suggested to overcome the feed constraints. Alfalfa is an important forage crop, which forms a symbiotic relationship with nodule-forming bacteria Sinorhizobum meliloti. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness and host range of rhizobia isolated from smallholder farmers’ fields in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State of Ethiopia using Alfalfa as a trap plant. To this end, a total of 12 bacterial isolates were trapped from different soil samples. The isolates showed differences in various presumptive, cultural, biochemical characteristics and physiological tolerances. Six (50 %) of the isolates( ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1, ANR 5 and ANR 11) could nodulate alfalfa with significant difference (P<0.05) in their capacity to infect and effectively fix nitrogen as evidenced from variations in nodulation parameters, shoot dry weights and shoot length. Accordingly, the isolates induced nodulation with nodule number ranging from 25.67 (ANR 9) to 9.00 (ANR 11) nodule per plant; nodule dry weight of 0.07 mg per plant (ANR 9) to 0.03 mg per plant (ANR 11); shoot dry weight ranging between 0.96 (ANR 9) and 0.17 (ANR 4) mg per plant and shoot length ranging from 30.50 (ANR 9) cm -11.47 (ANR 4) cm per plant. Using shoot dry weight as an indicator of the relative effectiveness, it was found that 33.3% of the isolates were highly effective (SE > 85 %) and 8.3 % were effective (SE ranging from 55 to 85 %) on alfalfa. Furthermore, the isolates showed broad host ranges on three legume species, namely, faba bean (Vicia faba), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and lentil (Lens culinaris). All the six isolates (100 %) formed nodules with effective nitrogen fixation in faba bean, common bean and lentils exhibiting varying levels of effectiveness. Five of the six rhizobial isolates, ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1 and ANR 5 exhibited high N2-fixation efficiency and are recommended for further evaluation to use them as inoculants for different legumes. We also recommend these isolates for molecular characterization to determine their phylogeny and taxonomic classes.
Characterization, Symbiotic Effectiveness and Host Range of alfalfa nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Soils of Selected Kebele‘s in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia.
(Hawssa University, 2024-06) Bunamo Mitik
Feed shortage, low quality and seasonal fluctuations have constrained livestock production in Ethiopia. Using high-yielding, good quality and drought-tolerant forage legumes like alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been suggested to overcome the feed constraints. Alfalfa is an important forage crop, which forms a symbiotic relationship with nodule-forming bacteria Sinorhizobum meliloti. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness and host range of rhizobia isolated from smallholder farmers’ fields in Hawella District, Sidama Regional State of Ethiopia using Alfalfa as a trap plant. To this end, a total of 12 bacterial isolates were trapped from different soil samples. The isolates showed differences in various presumptive, cultural, biochemical characteristics and physiological tolerances. Six (50 %) of the isolates( ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1, ANR 5 and ANR 11) could nodulate alfalfa with significant difference (P<0.05) in their capacity to infect and effectively fix nitrogen as evidenced from variations in nodulation parameters, shoot dry weights and shoot length. Accordingly, the isolates induced nodulation with nodule number ranging from 25.67 (ANR 9) to 9.00 (ANR 11) nodule per plant; nodule dry weight of 0.07 mg per plant (ANR 9) to 0.03 mg per plant (ANR 11); shoot dry weight ranging between 0.96 (ANR 9) and 0.17 (ANR 4) mg per plant and shoot length ranging from 30.50 (ANR 9) cm -11.47 (ANR 4) cm per plant. Using shoot dry weight as an indicator of the relative effectiveness, it was found that 33.3% of the isolates were highly effective (SE > 85 %) and 8.3 % were effective (SE ranging from 55 to 85 %) on alfalfa. Furthermore, the isolates showed broad host ranges on three legume species, namely, faba bean (Vicia faba), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and lentil (Lens culinaris). All the six isolates (100 %) formed nodules with effective nitrogen fixation in faba bean, common bean and lentils exhibiting varying levels of effectiveness. Five of the six rhizobial isolates, ANR 9, ANR 8, ANR 2, ANR 1 and ANR 5 exhibited high N2-fixation efficiency and are recommended for further evaluation to use them as inoculants for different legumes. We also recommend these isolates for molecular characterization to determine their phylogeny and taxonomic classes.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY FRASS, BIOSLURRY AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ON MAIZE AND SWISS CHARD AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN HAWASSA, SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(2023-11) EMABET ASEFA
In Ethiopia, soil fertility and crop production are influenced by various agronomic practices. However, increasing crop production without disrupting the environment is one of the main challanges. Application of organic fertilizers such sas manure, compost, bioslurry and frass can be an alternative solution for sustainable farming. This study evaluated the comparative effects of black soldier fly larvae frass (BSFF), bioslurry (BS) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on maize and Swiss chard agronomic performances and soil properties. Maize and Swiss chard were used as test crops. The treatments were 7.5 t ha-1 BSFF and BS, 100 kg ha-1 CF and the control for maize and 10.3 t ha-1 BSFF and BS, 100 kg ha-1 CF and the control for Swiss chard. The treatments of both experiments were arranged in a randomized compelet block design with three replications. Data related to agronomic parameters of both crops were collected and analyzed using SAS software. Physicochemical properties of BSFF, BS, and pre and post experimental soil samples were analyzed. Results showed that the application of all fertilizer improved the agronomic performance of both crops. The application of BSFF to maize reduced the average number of days to reach tasseling, silking and physiological maturity. It also resulted in significantly (p<0.05) larger maize plant height (218 cm), total biomass (20.4 t ha-1 ) and larger grain yield (4 t ha-1 ) compared to the control. Moreover, the BSFF treatment resulted in significantly (p<0.05) larger Swiss chard plant height (72 cm) and leaf fresh weight (125 t/ha-1 ) compared to the BS, CF and the control. BSFF and BS improved soil pH, bulk density and porosity. Soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity of the soil were improved with the applications of BSFF and BS. Overall, the results of the study demonstrated that BSFF is an effective organic fertilizer for maize and Swiss chard production and soil health. However, since the experiment was done only for one season and at one study site, similar experiments should be carried out for over several seasons and locations to make a more conclusive recommendation.
DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT, AND PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF YAMS LANDRACES (DIOSCOREA SPP.): THE CASE OF BOLOSO SORE AND DAMOT GALE DISTRICTS OF WOLAITA ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA REGION
(2023-11) GEMEDA DESTA
Yam is a resilient staple tuber crop with a long shelf life that offers food security and income generation. However, its distribution and diversity are limited, with synthetic fertilizer-demanding crops being a persistent challenge in the study area. In this regard, therefore, this study was conducted to assess diversity, distribution, management, and production constraints of yams in two districts of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia Region, namely Boloso Sore and Damot Gale Districts of which six, yam growing Kebeles (three from each district) were selected. A total of 366 households were selected from the six kebeles using systematic random sampling techniques. The major data collection tools used were, semi-structured interviews, direct field observation, key informants interviews and focus group discussion. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software ver.25. A total of 19 named yam landraces were recorded, with a range from one to eight (mean 2.3) on individual farm land owned by a farmer. Richness of yam landraces ranged from 1 to 8 per farm and from 5 to 14 per Kebele with in the two Districts. Yukara Kebele had the highest diversity, while Zegere Kebele had the lowest diversity. Yukara Kebele showed the highest diversity, with a diversity index (H') of 2.18 and Zegere Kebele had the lowest diversity, with a diversity index of 1.43. On average, 73.7% of yam landraces found in one Kebele were also found in the other Kebeles within the two Districts whereas 10.5% of them were common to all Kebeles of the two districts. The distributions of landraces also varied across the surveyed Kebeles. A small number of highly abundant yam landraces were grown throughout the surveyed Kebeles whereas the greater numbers of the yam landraces had a narrow distribution and abundances. In addition, the study showed that farmers in the study area manage diverse yam landraces with respect to time of maturity, adaptation to environmental conditions, and cooking properties. The major constraints to yam production include: wild animal attack, lack of materials for staking, land shortage, drought or climate change, and scarcity of mother yam, which reported by 90.7%, 87.4%, 86.1%, 74.9% and 68.8% of respondents, respectively. Therefore, local communities' conservation, preservation, and utilization techniques for yam landraces can ensure their long-term viability
ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTS BASED ON HEAVY METAL AND PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND VEGETABLES AROUND LAKE ZIWAY, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-09) ASRAT FEKADU DEMSIE
The excessive use of pesticides can lead to harmful residues accumulating in vegetables, posing risks to human health. Therefore, regular monitoring and assessment of these potential health hazards are crucial. This study utilized the QuEChERS extraction method to analyze 15 composite samples (vegetables and soil). It employed an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) to detect heavy metal contamination in 18 composite samples of vegetables and soil. The findings revealed that some pesticide residues exceeded safety limits in tomatoes and onions. In tomatoes, α-endosulfan (0.58 mg/kg), β-BHC (beta-benzene hexachloride) (0.04 mg/kg), heptachlor (0.02 mg/kg), and Malathion (0.03 mg/kg) surpassed safety limits. Similarly, the average concentrations of heptachlor epoxide (0.04 mg/kg) and propargite (0.11 mg/kg) exceeded safety limits for onions. The study also evaluated potential health risks for adults and children, identifying both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Non-carcinogenic health risk estimates indicated that onion heptachlor epoxide posed a systemic health risk for adult and child consumers with THQ (Target hazard quetient) > 1. Carcinogenic health risks (CHRs) revealed that heptachlor epoxide was present in levels exceeding acceptable limits (10–4) for both adults and children, while the CHRs of tomatoes and onions surpassed acceptable limits only for children. Additionally, heavy metal contamination of vegetables presents a significant concern, especially in areas with prolonged irrigation. The excessive use of agrochemicals particularly impacts the central region of the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. In a study of a soil-vegetable system irrigated by Lake Ziway in Ethiopia, researchers analyzed the levels of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The analysis revealed that the concentrations of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) in all tomato and onion samples exceeded the thresholds set by the FAO/WHO. In addition, the average ix concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg in all soil samples under tomato and onion plants were found to be above the recommended levels. This poses significant health risks, including systemic and cancerous effects. Moreover, traditional farming methods in the region were found to pose a high ecological risk to non-target soil species due to the use of common pesticides. The study aimed to assess the ecological risks that pesticides could pose to soil biotas, such as earthworms, springtails, and nitrogen mineralization organisms. The evaluation was based on the use of toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) and risk quotient (RQ) methodologies to determine general and worst-case scenarios, respectively. Of the detected pesticides, α-BHC, heptachlor, fenthion, parathion, and propoxur were detected at a rate of 100%. The highest concentration of 119.9 μg/kg was found for p,p'-DDE. Fenthion and Chlorpyrifos methyl posed a chronic exposure risk to F. candida (TERmax=0.86) and N mineralization organisms (TERmax=1.2), respectively. Non-target soil species are at high ecological risk (RQs > 1) due to Alpha endosulfan, which contributes to more than 90% of the risk than the other pesticides. The ecological risk assessment (ERA) reported that the overall pesticide mixture in soil poses a high ecological risk ∑RQ=5.3 in both scenarios. Conventional farming practices in the study area put soil organisms at risk. Therefore, it is crucial to establish effective monitoring protocols and raise awareness among stakeholders to ensure the preservation of the environment and the population's well-being. Furthermore, replacing harmful pesticides with low-risk alternatives is recommended to mitigate these risks. Urgent policies for awareness and surveillance are necessary to protect public health within and beyond the research field.
ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTS BASED ON HEAVY METAL AND PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND VEGETABLES AROUND LAKE ZIWAY, ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-08) ASRAT FEKADU DEMSIE