Medical parasitology

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    PREVALENCE, INTENSITY, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN ALONG AN IRRIGATION LINE IN JIMA ARJO DISTRICT, EAST WOLLEGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA.
    (hawassa universty, 2023-10) KUMSA ASEFA
    Background: In Ethiopia, Schistosoma mansoni infection is a major public health concern. Schoolchildren typically have the largest parasite burden, and the condition has been associated with anemia, stunting, and cognitive impairments, resulting in poor school performance and greater dropout rates, However, there was insufficient information on the present status of these infections to suggest an intervention in the study area. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, intensity of infection, and factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren along an irrigation line in Jima Arjo district, East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out between February and May 2023. Stool samples are collected from 523 schoolchildren, who are selected by systematic sampling techniques, and they were be examined for the ova of S. mansoni using the three-slide Kato–Katz technique and formal ether concentration techniques. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and possible predisposing factors. Data was entered into Epi-info version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 24 software. Variables with p <0.25 in the bivariate analysis (COR) were entered into multivariable analysis (AOR). A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Result: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the selected primary school was 140 (27.4%). In addition to Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoid 158 (30.9%), Hook worm 41 (8%), Trichuris trichiura 24 (4.3%), Hymenolepis nana 20 (3.9%), Giardia lamblia 18 (3.5%), Enterobius vermicularis 9 (1.8%), and Tenia species 7 (1.4%), were other parasites detected in the investigation. The infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni was 99 (75%) light, 27 (20%) moderate, and 7 (5%) heavy. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infections was significantly higher among schoolchildren who were involved in irrigation-related activities (AOR, 4.49; 95% CI 2.43–8.31; p = 0.001), who had swimming habits (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.15-0.61; p = 0.01), bath habits in canal water (AOR, 5.19; 95% CI 1.78–15.09; p = 0.002), bathing in spring water (AOR, 3.37; 95% CI 1.11–10.24; p = 0.032), and crossing water bodies barefoot (AOR, 0.30; 95% CI 0.17–0.54; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was moderate and the infection intensity was light. Therefore, it is crucial to use biannual (twice a year) mass treatment and integrated approaches such as behavioural change, snail control, and environmental intervention to reduce these infections to an insignificant level.
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    PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON OPPORTUNISTIC INTESTINAL COCCIDIA AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS AMONG HIV PATIENTS ATTENDING ART CLINIC AT WORABE COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, WORABE CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
    (hawassa universty, 2023-10) JEMAL HUSEN
    Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes CD4+ T cell depletion and immune system thinning in humans, which increases the vulnerability of HIV patients to opportunistic and other intestinal parasites known to cause diarrhea that can be severe and persistent, leading to dehydration, abnormal electrolyte levels , weight loss, and malabsorption. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine prevalence of intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasites and risk factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients monitoring their disease status at ART clinics. Materials and Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients attending Anti-Retroviral Therapy clinic at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from May 2022 to September 2023. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Stool specimens were processed for parasitological examination. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered into Epi-info and analyzed by SPSS version 26 software. A p-value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.5%. Eleven different intestinal parasite species were detected. Prevalence of intestinal coccidian in present study was 8.25%. Cryptosporidium spp. 7.7% and Isospora belli 0.5% were identified intestinal coccidian. In multivariate analysis ,educational status; No formal education , animal contact , ART starting time ; <2 years duration on Anti-Retroviral Therapy ,history of diarrhea and CD4 level; 201-499 cell/mm3 were significantly associated variables with prevalence of intestinal parasite among study subject. Conclusions and Recommendations: Intestinal coccidia and other intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV patients in the study area. Thus, the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients by using specific as well high sensitivity test. Moreover, adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy should strengthen to improve the immune status