College of Law and Governance

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The College of Law and Governance is dedicated to education, research, and public service in law, governance, public policy, and institutional development.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS OF DECLARING CITIES AS FREE TRADE ZONE IN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) LIDIYA MULUGETA KINFE
The role of free trade zone for enhancing the economy of developing countries becomes invaluable these days. Because of that, different countries in the world choose to establish and free trade zone. Ethiopia also declared the city Dire Dawa to be the first pilot free trade zone area since 2022. However the law which allows the establishment of free trade zone and regulates the activities concluded in free trade zone area, is still on its draft stage. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of declaring city administrations as free trade zone areas in Ethiopia especially with regard to law and policy is the major aim of this research. In order to achieve this aim qualitative research methodology implemented. Interview was conducted with some important key informant individuals who are presumed to give a reliable data for this research. In addition to that the experiences of different countries are also provided for comparative purpose. Hence the research is a blend of both doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research. Based on the finding of the thesis, it is concluded that the free trade zone formation in Ethiopia faced an obstacle because of the absence of regulatory legal frame work enacted mainly to administer those areas in Ethiopia. And also the preparation of the country in general and the city administration particularly seems minimal on especially on free trade zone formation and other related aspects. So it is highly recommended that the draft law which allows the establishment of free trade zone in Ethiopia to be effective as early as possible. And the preparation of the country should be improved on so many grounds.
Africa Union Peace Support Operation: Challenges and Prospects. In case of Darfur Crisis.
(2023-04) Bekalu Asmare
This study aims at assessing the effectiveness, challenges and prospects of Africa Union Peace Support operation specifically Peace and Security Council since 2004-2022. To reach its objective the study employed qualitative research approaches with purposive sampling technique, data have been collected both from primary and secondary sources. The researcher conducted FGD with selected officials of Five AU PSC and Five from ISS. And also the researcher had interview with three key informants from AUPSC and Two security analysts and researcher of ISS at Addis Ababa. Semi structured interview were conducted with officials and experts from Africa Union. The study identified as the biggest organization called AU played a pivotal role in the peace making, peace keeping and peace establishment in the continent as much as it can. For instance, the effort of Africa Union in Darfur crisis in resolving civil war earlier and its role on the formation of newly independent state called South Sudan, its role in AMIS, AMISOM, Libya crisis and peace dealing between TPLF and FDRE was unforgettable. However, AU is not effective in achieving its objective that are clearly stated on its Constitutive Act because of different internal and external challenges such as unwanted external intervention, lack of coordination among member states, lack of willingness of member states to pay their annual monetary contribution to the Organization, overdependence on foreign aid, exclusive approach and broadness of objectives of the organization as major challenges and the establishment of free trade area, expansions of agricultural industry, integrated systems of transportation and advancement of technology in Africa as prospects of Africa Union.In order to overcome the graved challenges, the researcher sighted the following recommendation as follows: AU shall empower nations economically and encourage member states to actively engage in the victimized part of continent, AU shall follow inclusive approach and invite domestic scholars.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASE OF SAESIE TSAEDA EMBA WEREDA, TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA.
(2019-11) DESALEGN TEKA GIDEY
These days, trafficking is a worldwide concern that affects the whole world. Every nation in the world, including Ethiopia, has been impacted by human trafficking regardless of socio-economic status, history or political situation. Thousands of Ethiopians trafficked irregularly through the facilitation of brokers and traffickers and face several horrible challenges and perils in the desert and sea routes, transit as well as in the destination countries. Thus, this thesis aims to explore the causes, actors and physical and socio-economic effect of trafficking in persons on victim migrants in Sa’esi’e Tsa’eda Emba wereda, Tigray regional state. This study employed exploratory research design relying on a qualitative research approach and non-probability sampling technique. The total number of research participants were 41 (15 returnees, 5 key informant and 21 individuals for Focus group discussions). The research participants were selected based on snowball and purposeful sampling methods. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through in-depth interview with returnees, key informants, FGDs and reviewing relevant literature. In general, the research findings show that economic and socio- cultural factors are the major causes of trafficking in persons in the study area. Besides, lack of good governance, corruption, and denial of justice are also other triggering factors of human trafficking in Saesie Tsaeda Emba wereda. Further, the findings indicate that the trafficked individuals have faced multifaceted economic, physical and psychological perils during the journey in transit countries as well as after reaching the intended destination countries. The study recommended that the government should reduce poverty, controls its borders, and promote awareness to all levels of the community in the wereda.
ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' PRODUCTIVITY WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2014-06) MILLION MATHEWOS KORSISA
Climate change and variability is one of the greatest challenges facing the Ethiopian agrarians. Climate variability has a drastic impact on agricultural output, with total crop failure and massive livestock deaths. Furthermore, the capacity of the rural poor to cope with climate related shocks has declined due the increase frequency and intensity of droughts. This study looks on the impact of climate variability on farmers' productivity and their adaptation methods of Sidama Zone, Loka Abaya, Dalle and Wonsho Woredas. The study area is hotspot for the impact of climate variability. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study and analyzed though qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion and direct observation and analyzed by using descriptive statistical tools like percentage, frequencies, mean value, cross tabulation were implemented to investigate information about the intended objective of the study. To determine the sample size for the study, multi stage sampling techniques were employed Three Kebeles were selected by simple random sampling method and 191 respondents were participated in the study. The general findings of the study shows that the climate of the zone has shown variability and in turn, this climate variability has impact on the productivity like crop production, cropping pattern, availability of long cycle crops, and availability of livestock feed and loss of livestock were the major ones. To minimize the impacts of climate variability on elders and child, landless, female-headed household, the farmers of the zone had adopted different coping strategies like; selling labour, food aid and selling livestock. Migration, early maturing crop varieties, water and soil conservation, environmental rehabilitation and area closure were long-term adaptation practices applied by farmers and zone office of agriculture. By considering the above facts, the researcher recommends, there should collaboratively works of farmers and DA experts on rehabilitation of their environment. The zone office of agriculture should encourage farmers to use drought resistant crop seeds with commercial fertilize, compost and soil moisture management practices. In addition to this, the concerned body should train the farmers create consciousness about the impact of climate variability
ANALYSIS ON THE INCIDENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: THE CASE OF DURAME TOWN, KAMBATA TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2019-02) DESALEGN LIRANSO DAEMO
Poverty is a complex and multidimensional social problem in the world including Ethiopia. It has been a long time that the attention of the international community is drawn to alleviate it. However, poverty is still continued to be a challenge for global community. Recently, poverty is becoming a typical urban phenomenon due to rapid urbanization particularly in developing countries. Various factors could determine the incidence and extent of household poverty in urban areas. Studies that identified factors that determine the level and extent of urban household poverty particularly in small and medium towns were not adequate. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the incidence and determinants of urban household poverty in Durame town with the specific objectives of measuring the incidence and extent of urban poverty using consumption expenditure approach, analyzing the determinants of urban household poverty, assessing the role of GOs and NGOs in reducing urban poverty and identifying the possible opportunities that enable reduce poverty in the study area. In order to attain these objectives, 227 sample households were selected using systematic random sampling method from two kebeles of the study town. Primary data was collected from the sample households using survey questionnaire. Key informant interview and FGD were also conducted as planned and these data were used qualitatively to substantiate the findings. Poor and non-poor households were identified by using preset poverty line of birr 5142.16 for the study area. Consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per year was computed against the predetermined poverty line to categorize poor and non-poor households. FGT method was employed to identify indices of incidence, gap and severity of poverty. The results revealed that about 29.9 % of the sample households’ fall below poverty line with 5.9% and 2% poverty gap and severity respectively. Econometric results of binary logistic regression model demonstrated that sex and household size were found to be statistically significant determinants of poverty and have strong positive association with poverty status of urban household whereas education, income, access to safe water and electric energy were associated negatively with poverty status of the urban household at statistically significant level at 1 percent. The remaining predictor variables revealed as positively associated except credit which is negatively associated with poverty status of the household at statistically insignificant level. The findings of the study confirmed that the role of GOs and NGOs is not significant except providing some school materials for few poor households by some religious institutions. The GOs projects were mainly focused on upgrading urban infrastructure and social protection activities were not yet practical. As it was common elsewhere, the focus of NGOs is mainly rural than urban in the study area. As poverty incidence is higher in the study area, it requires greater attention to design pro poor projects to improve the living condition of poor urban households. Emphasis should be given to family planning strategies as the average household size is larger in the study area. In addition, adequate effort should be needed to improve the accessibility of safe drinking water and electric energy to poor households without which escaping poverty is difficult for urban households.
Analyzing the Legal and Institutional Functions of Copyright Collective Management Society in Ethiopia: A Comparative Analysis.
(2019-03) Berhanu Mulugeta
Copyright collective management society is very important for managing copyright since individual management is impossible for right holders to exercise their rights by dealing with all potential users. Accordingly, the objective of this thesis is to examine the adequacy of the legal and institutional function of collective management society in Ethiopia and go through the legal loopholes of the new amended copyright law and difficulties of Ethiopian collective management society. The research is predominantly doctrinal and qualitative data is used to test the validity of the research .Also, Comparative study was conducted with foreign laws of other countries namely Canada, Germany, India and Nigeria since these countries have a sound copyright policy, well developed collective management society, and comprehensive copyright law. The researcher found that certain ambiguities on the legal provisions on the formation of collective management society are obstacles for the formation of collective management society. The provisions of Ethiopian collective management society are not compatible with digital technology. Also, the study found out in addition to the legal gaps, there are other challenges that affect the establishment of a strong and functional collective management society in Ethiopia; for instance, lack of trust of copyright owners on collective management society, lack of unity among the copyright owners and cooperation between the government agencies. Therefore, it is concluded that collective management society has not been effectively functioning in Ethiopia due to loopholes of the provisions of copyright law and unable to keep the interest of copyright owners. Accordingly, the researcher recommends amendments in the provisions of the copyright and neighboring right law to make it comprehensive law and to provide viable solutions for the legal gaps and problems that affect the formation of vibrant collective management society. Moreover, Ethiopia should adopt the experiences of the countries like German, Canada, India and Nigeria in managing copyright in protecting the rights of copyright owners and users and set up a well-developed collective management society.
APPRAISING THE CHALLENGES OF PRACTICING THE RIGHT TO PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE EIA PROCESS IN ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-05) BELAYNEH FOKORA FUTESA
This qualitative research appraises the challenges of effectively practicing the right to public participation in the EIA process in Ethiopia, in highlighting inherent gaps from both legal and empirical perspectives. The research employed both descriptive and analytical qualitative study designs, consisting of theoretical and empirical parts. The theoretical part examined the Ethiopian environmental legal and policy frameworks, along with the relevant literature. On the other hand, the empirical part of the research utilized case studies. Documented data and key informants interviews were the principal methods used to gather the data used in the research. The research found that the right to public participation is exercised by interested and affected party (who) for normative, substantive and instrumental rationales (why) at consultation level (what) through different mechanisms (how) such as the public meetings, telephonic surveys, workshops and so on. It also disclosed that the Ethiopian environmental legal and policy frameworks in practicing the right to public participation in the EIA process are not adequate since they are not compatible with international best practice principles of public participation drawn from the literature. Moreover, the research revealed that despite legal and policy provisions guaranteeing public participation, different the legal and empirical factors have been impeding the effective practice of the right to public participation in the EIA context in Ethiopia. These findings have significant implications for policy makers, regulators, and practitioners involved in EIA processes. The conclusion drawn is that by addressing the identified impeding factors and promoting inclusive and genuine practice of the right to public participation; Ethiopia can strengthen its environmental governance and ensure SD.
ASSESSING FACTORS AFFECTING REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR: - THE CASE OF KULITO TOWN ADMINISTRATION REVENUE AND CUSTOMS AUTHORITY BRANCH OFFICE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ABDLAHI JUHAR SULIMEN
Revenue management is one of the significant issues of economic development among others. Revenue management plays a great role for achieving the national objective of any nation which enhances the economic development and social wellbeing of the society. Even though revenue management has paramount importance for achieving the national goal of any nation, developing countries revenue management including, Ethiopia, is affected by a number of factors. The Case of kulito town administration in halaba Zone Revenue and Customs Authority Branch Office with the intension to understand the issue from taxpayers, tax office workers, and tax office management bodies’ perspectives and physical observation. The study employed exploratory research design with the assumption that reality is socially constructed by participants and there are many truths. This research approach was appropriate as the researcher was trying to understand the complexity of the issue under investigation through the lived experience, perceptions and perspectives from a holistic standpoint. Based on that fact, different a literature concerning the issue was reviewed to achieve these objectives; Qualitative research method and purposive sampling were employed to gather data. Primary data were collected using interviews, focus group discussion, document review and observations. Management committee members (7) and 8 officers from revenue authority branch office for interview purposively selected and 12 members of tax payers for focus discussion purposively selected from all categories of tax payers. According to the response of the respondents, the factors that affected revenue management of Halaba kulito Town administration revenue branch office are poor implementation, poor planning, inadequate assessment of taxable sources, lack of required skill, attitudinal problems of revenue officers, inaccurate information of taxpayers, lack of full automation and lack of awareness of taxpayers, Lack of good governance problems especially the major elements of good governance are not well implemented like accountability, participation, and problem of transparence, and etc… therefore these activity causes bureaucratic corruption of tax collectors and the major root cause of all problems.
ASSESSING OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WOMEN MIGRATION FROM HALABA ZONE OF CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGIONAL STATE TO THE MIDDLE EAST
(2023-10) NATHANAEL KUMA KEBEDE
This study was about the women labor migration from Halaba Zone of CERS to the Middle East. It assessed the causes and consequences of women migration from Halaba Zone to the Middle East. It looked at the various motivations that brought a migrant woman in to decisions of migration to the Middle East. The thesis also targeted to consider into the discrepancies between the expectations of the domestic workers and the reality that they faced in the country of destinations. In this study, quite a number of theories were used to explain the factors and features of migration augmented with the primary data outcomes. The study fully employed qualitative methods of research by taking snowball and expert sampling methods to obtain the research participants. Regarding the research instruments, the researcher employed semi-structured in-depth interview tool to collect data. Likewise, six case studies were narratively presented for discussion in the fourth chapter. The thesis was also produced based on the production of knowledge from the interviewees and the researcher through semi-structured in-depth interviews, case study and focus group discussion supported by secondary data. In its outcome, the study revealed that the migrants from Halaba Zone both that are planning and returnees were not satisfied with their individual or household income. For which reason, economic demands were found to be the basic pushing factors for their decisions; whereas destination countries’ open gates and demands besides enhanced payment in the destination was the major pulling factor. The overall backgrounds of the migrants together with external promoters were also found to constitute the motivations for migration. On the other hand, the expectations of the returnee migrants before their departure from the study site and the realities that they faced in the country of destination were also found to be quite unlike. Besides, language and cultural barriers were depicted as hurdle as incapacitating the interactions of the migrant women with their employers. Of which outcome, most of the domestic workers experienced maladjustment, hitch, and inconveniences. To address women labor migration from Halaba Zone to the Middle East, the study recommends establishing reliable channels for information sharing, conducting awareness campaigns, providing financial support and business skills training, empowering women with destination-specific skills and cultural knowledge, promoting understanding of social norms and language in destination countries, and advocating for bilateral agreements to protect migrant worker rights.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE URBAN POOR: THE CASE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN INTEGRATED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(Hawassa University, 2011-11) YONAS ZERIHUN
This study is a Descriptive research and it was conducted in the Hawassa city. The main objective of the study was assessing the impacts of Omo Micro-finance and the concerned government institutions intervention on the livelihood of individual members of MSEs and the status of their enterprises working in the Hawassa city Housing Development Project. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design in the context of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Primary data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires, observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The field survey was conducted with a sample size of one hundred twenty-four individuals selected by quota and proportional random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by using the SPSS program, and by content analysis. The findings of the study discloses the contribution of micro finance for income increment and diversification of income sources, reduction of income inequalities, increase in consumption, improved living condition in terms of purchasing household assets, house ownership and access to medical services. Another significant contribution of micro finance intervention is increase in trend of capital accumulation in the form of savings, and the creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, micro finance services have limited impact in the entrepreneurial development of micro enterprises in sustaining and improving MSEs. Profitability in relation with enhancing external market linkages, implications for regulatory aspects of MFIs’ and on concerned stakeholders’ support for MSEs services such as reviewing loan ceiling, and repayment terms, reducing group size, reviewing members’ selection procedures, and continuous follow-up of enterprises’ performance in a coordinated manner. Generally the outcome of the study has established that MF and supporting institutions’ interventions on MSEs have shown improvements in terms of increase in income from enterprises, access to life-enhancing facilities, employment opportunities, and saving status of the working urban poor in the study area .
ASSESSING THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR MORTGAGE BANKS IN ETHIOPIA
(2023-11) RASHIDA AMAN JERSO
The development of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks can determine the efficiency and sustainability of the housing finance system. A well-functioning mortgage market will primarily increase funding for housing at competitive cost and pricing to consumers of housing there by enabling more people to afford decent housing. The lack of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks and integrating them with other conventional banks governing regimes is causing doubt and undermining the recently revived mortgage industry in Ethiopia. Hence, the basic objective of the study is to assess mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks in Ethiopia. The qualitative method of the study has been used to address the research questions effectively and efficiently, and the research has been supported by the notion of public interest theory. In conducting the study, general principles pertaining to effective legal and regulatory frameworks for mortgage banks and the experiences of some of the purposefully selected countries based on their successes and relevance to Ethiopia have been used. Finally, the study found that the outdated and one-sized legal and regulatory frameworks for all banks in the Ethiopian universal banking model have influenced the development of mortgage banks in Ethiopia. The study recommends that lawmakers should enact a comprehensive law and set up an organized regulatory framework for mortgage banks so as to adequately regulate and harmonize the housing finance system in the country.
ASSESSMENT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT PRACTICE IN RELATION TO EMPLOYEE LABOUR RIGHT: THE CASE OF HAWASSA INDUSTRIAL PARK
(Hawassa University, 2024-06) ABRAHAM KUSE WOYESA
xi ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of assessing foreign direct investment (FDI) practices in relation to employee labor rights in the case of Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP). Employing a descriptive research method, a mixed research approach incorporating qualitative and quantitative methodologies was employed, with data gathered through surveys and interviews. 20,364 employees from the target population of the study (392 sample size) were included across eleven companies within the HIP. Purposeful and systematic sampling techniques were used for the representative data collection. The findings of the study revealed concerning Workers at the Hawassa Industrial Park faced significant problems, including low wages, unfavorable working hours, discrimination, and harassment, which led to labor rights violations among employees of the Hawassa Industrial Park. Ineffective enforcement of regulations exacerbated these issues, while weak foreign direct investment practice enabled exploitation by companies. Furthermore, inadequate governmental framework oversight was weak to adequately address labor rights violation problems. The findings of this study concluded that massive labor rights were violated by the practices of FDI companies and the government framework. Finally, it was recommended that FDI companies and the government follow these steps: enhancing the transparency of labor rights policies, reinforcing enforcement mechanisms, encouraging the formation of labor unions, providing proper payment to increase their monthly salaries, and providing comprehensive training programs. By implementing these, promote labor rights and respectful working conditions in the HIP.
BALANCING RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN ETHIO-CHINA BIT
(2019-06) HASHIM TUNA
Thank you Lord ,you are Unmoved mover of globe, for making this possible and for all the blessings. May your name always be praised because it is only through you Lord that your creation can live a more fulfilled and purposeful life. This thesis would have remained an idea without the constant encouragement, unwavering dedication and outstanding supervision from my supervisor ,Associate Professor Daniel Behailu. At a personal level, he is generous, friendly and easily gets along. At a professional level, he creates the perfect environment for personal growth, reflection, focused research and offers meticulously insightful comments. I am deeply indebted for the invaluable time we spent discussing numerous general international laws during investment course and while conducting my thesis. Thank you so much for your patience and for your intellectual curiosity. I would like to thank my parents ,especially my Mom, who always encouraged me to seek new challenges and opportunities for my personal development. Additional thanks are due to my colleagues in Justice Office, thank you for the steadfast friendship and the moral support above all for the, constant inspiration. All of you , thank you for the friendship and for the motivation. I would like to thank my son, Singtan, who provided me with a very peaceful pregnancy, which made it possible that I continued to pursue my Master’s degree and write my thesis while working full time. Lastly, Special thanks are due to my wife ,Emu, for all the love and support, constant encouragement, generosity and for keeping me grounded and who followed with a lot of enthusiasm the development of this thesis. Thank you very much for your love, understanding and for enduring little bear’s kicks during my absence. I hope when little bear ,Singtan, is of age the thesis will inspire her to pursue an education beyond this level. I would never be able to make this dream come true without your support and assistance. From preparing our meals and organizing the house, to listening to all my ideas for the thesis, my wife was undoubtedly the strongest boost that I had to make this thesis a reality.
CAUSE OF DELAY IN CRIME INVESTIGATION AND THEIR IMPLICATION ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL OF SUSPECT: THE CASE OF BURAYU TOWN, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
(2023-10) FIKIRU SHIBIRU TEREFE
The right to a speedy trial is fundamental constitutional right and the extension of crime investigation beyond a reasonable duration, undermines this principle and adversely impact this right of the accused. While it is unrealistic to expect an overnight resolution of every crime investigation, challenges arise when the actual duration of an investigation far surpasses its expected timeframe. This is when researchers label it as a delay in crime investigation. Accordingly, this research aims to identify the cause of delay in crime investigation and their implication on the enforcement of the right to speedy trial of suspect focusing in Burayu Town. It also seeks to discuss the importance of upholding the constitutional rights of suspects to fair and effective investigations in ensuring the enforcement of the right to a speedy trial. In doing so the case study research design and qualitative research methodology were employed and examines the perspectives of investigative officers, suspect, prosecutor and judges, through interviews and questionnaires to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The findings of the study identified various cause of delay in crime investigation at Burayu town and compromising the enforcement of the suspect's right to a speedy trial. Firstly, the study revealed that personal problems of actors involved in the investigation process, along with institutional and legal factors, played a significant role in causing delays of crime investigation. The finding of the study also revealed the role of promotion of timely evidence gathering, strengthening the defence‟s position, preservation of evidence integrity, investigative officer credibility and public confidence as the importance of upholding the constitutional right of suspect to fair and effective investigation in ensuring the enforcement of the right to speedy trial and underscore the negative implication of investigative delay on the enforcement of right to speedy trial of suspect. Based on the findings, the research recommends some policy interventions to the concerned body to address the identified challenges. By shedding light on the causes of delay in crime investigations and its implication on the right to a speedy trial, this research contributes to the on-going discourse on criminal justice reform and underscores the importance of addressing these issues to uphold the fundamental rights of suspects and promote fair and efficient legal process.
CERTIFICATION OVER CERTIFICATION AS URBAN LAND TENURE CHALLENGE: THE CASE OF HADIYYA ZONE
(2018-05) GETISO DETAMO MEKEBO
Given the lack of a formal urban registration system in Ethiopia, registration and certification in urban centers are normally linked to the provision of land for new holdings or transfer of use rights for existing landholdings. It also relates to regularization process of informal settlements and current pilot works on urban land re-registration towards securing urban land rights. The purpose of registration and certification in urban land administration is aimed at securing urban lands for the landholders because secured tenure is a precondition to reap all the benefits accrued from urban land rights. In relation to registration of urban lands, this research considers COC as one of the major challenge of good urban land governance. COC is a scenario in which the same urban plots are entitled and certified for more than one person. In answering the research questions, the thesis involved a combination of doctrinal legal research and largely supported by qualitative data. To this end, the findings of this study uncovered hosts of problems such as; legal double or multiple allocations through earlier permit systems, issuance of forged receipts or titles and concluding illegal oral contracts. Further, regularization process of illegal settlements and existence of informal legal settlements without due documentation and serious corruption in urban land sector are also among the hosts. As a result, urban landholdings are insecure which has compromised all synergy of lease/use rights of the holders. Thus, some are beneficiaries and some others like vulnerable persons are victims. In a nutshell, this study identified that the urban land- to-landholders relationship is in a vicious circle and hence, COC is one of the manifestations of weak urban land administration.It recommends the enhancement of good governance in urban land administration and unreserved political commitment thereof towards ensuring secure urban land lease/use rights.
Challenges and Opportunities of Farmland Ownership Registration and Certification in Kokosa Woreda, West Arsi Zone
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) Hamed Renki Kosora
Farmland registration and certification are the current issues, and the government has implemented massive measures to guarantee landowner safety at different levels. This study is intended to assess the opportunities and challenges of farmland ownership registration and certification practices in Kokosa Woreda, Oromia region. A mixed research approach with a cross-sectional survey was used for this study. Simple random sampling was used to select both analysis Kebeles and sample household heads. Primary data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire, a semi-structured interview, and a focused group discussion, whereas secondary data were collected from different published and unpublished materials. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean percentage and thematically displayed using figures and tables. The study reveals that farmers in Kokosa Woreda have a good level of awareness about farmland registration and certification. However, it is crucial to note that land registration and certification are ongoing processes that require continuous efforts to ensure secure land rights. Similarly, the study shows that land registration and certification help to secure land rights, reduce conflicts, and access financial opportunities. Besides, this indicated that land registration and certification protect female landholder rights, reduce conflicting claims, and provide an official and transparent framework for land transactions. Also, it is shown that women gain legal proof of their rights, which can help overcome discriminatory practices, enhance bargaining power, and improve household food security, livelihoods, and overall well-being. Technical challenges, such as inadequate infrastructure, limited technical capacity, inadequate data management systems, corruption, and a lack of political will, discourage the smooth process of land registration and certification in Kokosa Woreda. This study concludes that Kokosa Woreda farmers know about farmland registration and certification, which secures land rights, reduces conflicts, and provides financial opportunities, particularly for female landholders. Therefore, it is recommended that Woreda land administration officials address these challenges and utilize modern technology to improve the land registration and certification process.
CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TEMBARO WOREDA, KAMEBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ATINKUT ABEBE
The purpose of this study was to assess challenges of community participation in local development at selected kebele of Tembaro woreda. Descriptive research design was used. Qualitative and quantitative approaches of research were employed. Both primary and secondary source of data were used. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select respondents. Data were collected by using survey questionnaire from 184 sample community respondents, interview conducted with selected government officials and kebele administrators, FGDs held with selected community representatives. A descriptive method was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings shows that challenges of appropriate awareness creation, absence of convincing community mobilizing approach, absence of all inclusive participatory approach, over reporting of few development success, weak institutional frame work, gender discrimination, illiteracy, low social cooperation and low personal income are some of major challenges that greatly hampered active community participation in development program that result on poor community involvement at grass root level. As result of low level of community participation, most of local development decisions were passed based on small unrepresentative interest group and local leaders interest and also several community based local development programs were failed to be implemented. Thus it is recommended that local government authority should strengthen its institutional capacity, enhance community awareness creation on community participation and its importance, develop convincing community mobilizing approach, develop culture of all inclusive participatory problem identification and decision making, and regularly aware community on social and cultural obstacles in order to enhance community participation on development program at grass root level. And also all community members should voluntarily work in collaboration with local government authority and others development actors to make local development program successful and sustainable.
CHILD LABOUR IN THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR: THE CASE OF CHILDREN ENGAGED IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN HAWASSA CITY, SNNPRS
(Hawassa University, 2014-10) AKALEWOLD FEDILU MOHAMMED
This study was conducted in Hawassa City Administration with the main objective of assessing the causes and consequences of child labor on children who are engaged in solid waste management activities in the city. To accomplish its objective, the study employed a survey method, which is supplemented by qualitative research to enrich the data. Then 105 child solid waste management workers were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument of data collection. Focus group discussion, key informant interview, observation and case studies were also utilized to substantiate the data gained through the questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed using technique like frequencies, percentage, mean and cross tabulation. The qualitative data obtained through focus group discussion, key informant interview, personal observation and case studies were analyzed by using narration. The results of the study revealed that poverty (inabilities of parents or guardians to fulfill things important for their children), aspiration of children to support their parents and to become economically independent from their family were played a crucial role in the overall involvement of children in solid waste management activities. Furthermore, the study depicted that low occupational and educational status of parents, attitude of parents on the contribution of their children for survival, large family size, peer pressure and rural – urban migration pushed the child to work in solid waste management activities in the study area. On the other hand, the study findings clearly indicate that common cold, diarrhea, stomach ache, head ach, pneumonia, abrasion or scratch, eye irritation and malaria were the most prominent health problems faced by the working children and body cut and puncture were the most prominent physical injuries. The study finding was also indicated that the working children were victims of physical and emotional abuses. Finally some important recommendations have been raised as a solution to reduce the problem faced by child solid waste management workers in the study area.
CHILD RULAR- URBAN MIGRATION: A CASE STUDY IN KUCHA WOREDA GOMO ZONE SNNPR ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ALEMU HUMBO
Child rural-urban migration is tied with economic and non-economic factors. Thus, this study aimed to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and migrant sending families; to identify the push and pull factors of migration and to assess the perceptions of migrant sending families towards child migration. A total of 178 participants in the study were selected by applying simple random sampling technique and purposively. In order to attain the proposed objectives instruments like questionnaire, key informants interview and FGDs were employed. To analyze the collected data both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. More specifically, quantitative data analyzed by using descriptive statistics with the help of the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and Microsoft office Excel 2007 whereas the qualitative data analyzed by narration(discussion).That of study specifically aims to review cause and consequences of rural-urban migration in Ethiopia. Environmental backwardness in the study area that ,Shortage of infrastructure, Family size, lower agricultural productivity, inadequate social services, demographic pressure, land shortages in rural areas were identified as the major push factors of migration. Although “push” factors predominate, there are some significant “pull” factors that attract rural children to urban areas like extreme poverty, lack of youth employment opportunities, inaccessibility of infrastructures like road and general secondary school, shortage of land, large family size and missed information about jobs, its payments and life styles at destination found to be the major push factors for migration. On the other hand, presence of better job opportunities in informal sectors, an ambition of migrants to live a better life and the influence of preceding migrants for instance migrants wearing styles, hair styles, walking and talking styles, mobile phones, bags etc. to be identified as the major pull factors for migration. The study area found to be important for child rural-urban migration. Also the study reveals that about 164(51.25)percent of migrants were found between the age ranges of 16and 18 years and the rate of migration was high in both sexes and the proportion of male migrant‟s slightly higher than females and females migrated in their earlier ages than males. Moreover, the vast majority of migrants were single and literate. However the study was also revealed that the majority of participants in the study area have positive perceptions towards child-rural-urban migration because by the belief that migrants would get different opportunities at destinations.
COMMERCIAL AGENT IN ETHIOPIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
(2019-02) MULUGETA TEKLEHAYMANOT
This is a comparative research work on the legal frame work of “Commercial Agent” in Ethiopia with an objective of exploring the various available legal frameworks there for and the associated problems therein. In this LLM thesis, it has been tried to overview the various legal protections on Commercial Agent in different jurisdictions and to also compare and contrast these ‘Commercial Agent’ frameworks with that “Commercial Agent” Legal frame work in Ethiopia. The paper finally comes up with some conclusions drawn from the legal loopholes and problems observed in the Laws which bestowed protection to Commercial Agent and the findings of the research show that there are inadequate legal frameworks to regulate the Commercial agency, part icularly Commercial Agent in Ethiopia. As a result under the Commercial Code of Ethiopia regarding the scope of a commercial agent’s activities , the exclusionary rule from Commercial agent businesses , the effect of Continued performance after the ex piry of fixed period, the consequences of non - observance of mandatory notice for termination, duty to cooperation of the commercial agent and principal, issue of remuneration post termination, the entitlement of Commercial Agent up on termination for de finite period of time, the entitlement of Compensation/indemnity if the agency relation is terminated due to death, illness, age and infirmity of the agent ,obligation not to compete post termination and the time - barred(period of limitation) for entitleme nt of compensation up on termination of the agency agreement are not properly addressed in a manner that attracts Commercial agency business investment.