College of Law and Governance

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/161

The College of Law and Governance is dedicated to education, research, and public service in law, governance, public policy, and institutional development.

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 59

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS OF DECLARING CITIES AS FREE TRADE ZONE IN ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2024-05) LIDIYA MULUGETA KINFE
The role of free trade zone for enhancing the economy of developing countries becomes invaluable these days. Because of that, different countries in the world choose to establish and free trade zone. Ethiopia also declared the city Dire Dawa to be the first pilot free trade zone area since 2022. However the law which allows the establishment of free trade zone and regulates the activities concluded in free trade zone area, is still on its draft stage. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of declaring city administrations as free trade zone areas in Ethiopia especially with regard to law and policy is the major aim of this research. In order to achieve this aim qualitative research methodology implemented. Interview was conducted with some important key informant individuals who are presumed to give a reliable data for this research. In addition to that the experiences of different countries are also provided for comparative purpose. Hence the research is a blend of both doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research. Based on the finding of the thesis, it is concluded that the free trade zone formation in Ethiopia faced an obstacle because of the absence of regulatory legal frame work enacted mainly to administer those areas in Ethiopia. And also the preparation of the country in general and the city administration particularly seems minimal on especially on free trade zone formation and other related aspects. So it is highly recommended that the draft law which allows the establishment of free trade zone in Ethiopia to be effective as early as possible. And the preparation of the country should be improved on so many grounds.
Africa Union Peace Support Operation: Challenges and Prospects. In case of Darfur Crisis.
(2023-04) Bekalu Asmare
This study aims at assessing the effectiveness, challenges and prospects of Africa Union Peace Support operation specifically Peace and Security Council since 2004-2022. To reach its objective the study employed qualitative research approaches with purposive sampling technique, data have been collected both from primary and secondary sources. The researcher conducted FGD with selected officials of Five AU PSC and Five from ISS. And also the researcher had interview with three key informants from AUPSC and Two security analysts and researcher of ISS at Addis Ababa. Semi structured interview were conducted with officials and experts from Africa Union. The study identified as the biggest organization called AU played a pivotal role in the peace making, peace keeping and peace establishment in the continent as much as it can. For instance, the effort of Africa Union in Darfur crisis in resolving civil war earlier and its role on the formation of newly independent state called South Sudan, its role in AMIS, AMISOM, Libya crisis and peace dealing between TPLF and FDRE was unforgettable. However, AU is not effective in achieving its objective that are clearly stated on its Constitutive Act because of different internal and external challenges such as unwanted external intervention, lack of coordination among member states, lack of willingness of member states to pay their annual monetary contribution to the Organization, overdependence on foreign aid, exclusive approach and broadness of objectives of the organization as major challenges and the establishment of free trade area, expansions of agricultural industry, integrated systems of transportation and advancement of technology in Africa as prospects of Africa Union.In order to overcome the graved challenges, the researcher sighted the following recommendation as follows: AU shall empower nations economically and encourage member states to actively engage in the victimized part of continent, AU shall follow inclusive approach and invite domestic scholars.
ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' PRODUCTIVITY WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(Hawassa University, 2014-06) MILLION MATHEWOS KORSISA
Climate change and variability is one of the greatest challenges facing the Ethiopian agrarians. Climate variability has a drastic impact on agricultural output, with total crop failure and massive livestock deaths. Furthermore, the capacity of the rural poor to cope with climate related shocks has declined due the increase frequency and intensity of droughts. This study looks on the impact of climate variability on farmers' productivity and their adaptation methods of Sidama Zone, Loka Abaya, Dalle and Wonsho Woredas. The study area is hotspot for the impact of climate variability. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study and analyzed though qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion and direct observation and analyzed by using descriptive statistical tools like percentage, frequencies, mean value, cross tabulation were implemented to investigate information about the intended objective of the study. To determine the sample size for the study, multi stage sampling techniques were employed Three Kebeles were selected by simple random sampling method and 191 respondents were participated in the study. The general findings of the study shows that the climate of the zone has shown variability and in turn, this climate variability has impact on the productivity like crop production, cropping pattern, availability of long cycle crops, and availability of livestock feed and loss of livestock were the major ones. To minimize the impacts of climate variability on elders and child, landless, female-headed household, the farmers of the zone had adopted different coping strategies like; selling labour, food aid and selling livestock. Migration, early maturing crop varieties, water and soil conservation, environmental rehabilitation and area closure were long-term adaptation practices applied by farmers and zone office of agriculture. By considering the above facts, the researcher recommends, there should collaboratively works of farmers and DA experts on rehabilitation of their environment. The zone office of agriculture should encourage farmers to use drought resistant crop seeds with commercial fertilize, compost and soil moisture management practices. In addition to this, the concerned body should train the farmers create consciousness about the impact of climate variability
ANALYSIS ON THE INCIDENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: THE CASE OF DURAME TOWN, KAMBATA TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2019-02) DESALEGN LIRANSO DAEMO
Poverty is a complex and multidimensional social problem in the world including Ethiopia. It has been a long time that the attention of the international community is drawn to alleviate it. However, poverty is still continued to be a challenge for global community. Recently, poverty is becoming a typical urban phenomenon due to rapid urbanization particularly in developing countries. Various factors could determine the incidence and extent of household poverty in urban areas. Studies that identified factors that determine the level and extent of urban household poverty particularly in small and medium towns were not adequate. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the incidence and determinants of urban household poverty in Durame town with the specific objectives of measuring the incidence and extent of urban poverty using consumption expenditure approach, analyzing the determinants of urban household poverty, assessing the role of GOs and NGOs in reducing urban poverty and identifying the possible opportunities that enable reduce poverty in the study area. In order to attain these objectives, 227 sample households were selected using systematic random sampling method from two kebeles of the study town. Primary data was collected from the sample households using survey questionnaire. Key informant interview and FGD were also conducted as planned and these data were used qualitatively to substantiate the findings. Poor and non-poor households were identified by using preset poverty line of birr 5142.16 for the study area. Consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per year was computed against the predetermined poverty line to categorize poor and non-poor households. FGT method was employed to identify indices of incidence, gap and severity of poverty. The results revealed that about 29.9 % of the sample households’ fall below poverty line with 5.9% and 2% poverty gap and severity respectively. Econometric results of binary logistic regression model demonstrated that sex and household size were found to be statistically significant determinants of poverty and have strong positive association with poverty status of urban household whereas education, income, access to safe water and electric energy were associated negatively with poverty status of the urban household at statistically significant level at 1 percent. The remaining predictor variables revealed as positively associated except credit which is negatively associated with poverty status of the household at statistically insignificant level. The findings of the study confirmed that the role of GOs and NGOs is not significant except providing some school materials for few poor households by some religious institutions. The GOs projects were mainly focused on upgrading urban infrastructure and social protection activities were not yet practical. As it was common elsewhere, the focus of NGOs is mainly rural than urban in the study area. As poverty incidence is higher in the study area, it requires greater attention to design pro poor projects to improve the living condition of poor urban households. Emphasis should be given to family planning strategies as the average household size is larger in the study area. In addition, adequate effort should be needed to improve the accessibility of safe drinking water and electric energy to poor households without which escaping poverty is difficult for urban households.
APPRAISING THE CHALLENGES OF PRACTICING THE RIGHT TO PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE EIA PROCESS IN ETHIOPIA
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-05) BELAYNEH FOKORA FUTESA
This qualitative research appraises the challenges of effectively practicing the right to public participation in the EIA process in Ethiopia, in highlighting inherent gaps from both legal and empirical perspectives. The research employed both descriptive and analytical qualitative study designs, consisting of theoretical and empirical parts. The theoretical part examined the Ethiopian environmental legal and policy frameworks, along with the relevant literature. On the other hand, the empirical part of the research utilized case studies. Documented data and key informants interviews were the principal methods used to gather the data used in the research. The research found that the right to public participation is exercised by interested and affected party (who) for normative, substantive and instrumental rationales (why) at consultation level (what) through different mechanisms (how) such as the public meetings, telephonic surveys, workshops and so on. It also disclosed that the Ethiopian environmental legal and policy frameworks in practicing the right to public participation in the EIA process are not adequate since they are not compatible with international best practice principles of public participation drawn from the literature. Moreover, the research revealed that despite legal and policy provisions guaranteeing public participation, different the legal and empirical factors have been impeding the effective practice of the right to public participation in the EIA context in Ethiopia. These findings have significant implications for policy makers, regulators, and practitioners involved in EIA processes. The conclusion drawn is that by addressing the identified impeding factors and promoting inclusive and genuine practice of the right to public participation; Ethiopia can strengthen its environmental governance and ensure SD.
ASSESSING FACTORS AFFECTING REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR: - THE CASE OF KULITO TOWN ADMINISTRATION REVENUE AND CUSTOMS AUTHORITY BRANCH OFFICE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ABDLAHI JUHAR SULIMEN
Revenue management is one of the significant issues of economic development among others. Revenue management plays a great role for achieving the national objective of any nation which enhances the economic development and social wellbeing of the society. Even though revenue management has paramount importance for achieving the national goal of any nation, developing countries revenue management including, Ethiopia, is affected by a number of factors. The Case of kulito town administration in halaba Zone Revenue and Customs Authority Branch Office with the intension to understand the issue from taxpayers, tax office workers, and tax office management bodies’ perspectives and physical observation. The study employed exploratory research design with the assumption that reality is socially constructed by participants and there are many truths. This research approach was appropriate as the researcher was trying to understand the complexity of the issue under investigation through the lived experience, perceptions and perspectives from a holistic standpoint. Based on that fact, different a literature concerning the issue was reviewed to achieve these objectives; Qualitative research method and purposive sampling were employed to gather data. Primary data were collected using interviews, focus group discussion, document review and observations. Management committee members (7) and 8 officers from revenue authority branch office for interview purposively selected and 12 members of tax payers for focus discussion purposively selected from all categories of tax payers. According to the response of the respondents, the factors that affected revenue management of Halaba kulito Town administration revenue branch office are poor implementation, poor planning, inadequate assessment of taxable sources, lack of required skill, attitudinal problems of revenue officers, inaccurate information of taxpayers, lack of full automation and lack of awareness of taxpayers, Lack of good governance problems especially the major elements of good governance are not well implemented like accountability, participation, and problem of transparence, and etc… therefore these activity causes bureaucratic corruption of tax collectors and the major root cause of all problems.
ASSESSING OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WOMEN MIGRATION FROM HALABA ZONE OF CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGIONAL STATE TO THE MIDDLE EAST
(2023-10) NATHANAEL KUMA KEBEDE
This study was about the women labor migration from Halaba Zone of CERS to the Middle East. It assessed the causes and consequences of women migration from Halaba Zone to the Middle East. It looked at the various motivations that brought a migrant woman in to decisions of migration to the Middle East. The thesis also targeted to consider into the discrepancies between the expectations of the domestic workers and the reality that they faced in the country of destinations. In this study, quite a number of theories were used to explain the factors and features of migration augmented with the primary data outcomes. The study fully employed qualitative methods of research by taking snowball and expert sampling methods to obtain the research participants. Regarding the research instruments, the researcher employed semi-structured in-depth interview tool to collect data. Likewise, six case studies were narratively presented for discussion in the fourth chapter. The thesis was also produced based on the production of knowledge from the interviewees and the researcher through semi-structured in-depth interviews, case study and focus group discussion supported by secondary data. In its outcome, the study revealed that the migrants from Halaba Zone both that are planning and returnees were not satisfied with their individual or household income. For which reason, economic demands were found to be the basic pushing factors for their decisions; whereas destination countries’ open gates and demands besides enhanced payment in the destination was the major pulling factor. The overall backgrounds of the migrants together with external promoters were also found to constitute the motivations for migration. On the other hand, the expectations of the returnee migrants before their departure from the study site and the realities that they faced in the country of destination were also found to be quite unlike. Besides, language and cultural barriers were depicted as hurdle as incapacitating the interactions of the migrant women with their employers. Of which outcome, most of the domestic workers experienced maladjustment, hitch, and inconveniences. To address women labor migration from Halaba Zone to the Middle East, the study recommends establishing reliable channels for information sharing, conducting awareness campaigns, providing financial support and business skills training, empowering women with destination-specific skills and cultural knowledge, promoting understanding of social norms and language in destination countries, and advocating for bilateral agreements to protect migrant worker rights.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE URBAN POOR: THE CASE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN INTEGRATED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(Hawassa University, 2011-11) YONAS ZERIHUN
This study is a Descriptive research and it was conducted in the Hawassa city. The main objective of the study was assessing the impacts of Omo Micro-finance and the concerned government institutions intervention on the livelihood of individual members of MSEs and the status of their enterprises working in the Hawassa city Housing Development Project. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design in the context of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Primary data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires, observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The field survey was conducted with a sample size of one hundred twenty-four individuals selected by quota and proportional random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by using the SPSS program, and by content analysis. The findings of the study discloses the contribution of micro finance for income increment and diversification of income sources, reduction of income inequalities, increase in consumption, improved living condition in terms of purchasing household assets, house ownership and access to medical services. Another significant contribution of micro finance intervention is increase in trend of capital accumulation in the form of savings, and the creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, micro finance services have limited impact in the entrepreneurial development of micro enterprises in sustaining and improving MSEs. Profitability in relation with enhancing external market linkages, implications for regulatory aspects of MFIs’ and on concerned stakeholders’ support for MSEs services such as reviewing loan ceiling, and repayment terms, reducing group size, reviewing members’ selection procedures, and continuous follow-up of enterprises’ performance in a coordinated manner. Generally the outcome of the study has established that MF and supporting institutions’ interventions on MSEs have shown improvements in terms of increase in income from enterprises, access to life-enhancing facilities, employment opportunities, and saving status of the working urban poor in the study area .
ASSESSING THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR MORTGAGE BANKS IN ETHIOPIA
(2023-11) RASHIDA AMAN JERSO
The development of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks can determine the efficiency and sustainability of the housing finance system. A well-functioning mortgage market will primarily increase funding for housing at competitive cost and pricing to consumers of housing there by enabling more people to afford decent housing. The lack of mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks and integrating them with other conventional banks governing regimes is causing doubt and undermining the recently revived mortgage industry in Ethiopia. Hence, the basic objective of the study is to assess mortgage banking legal and regulatory frameworks in Ethiopia. The qualitative method of the study has been used to address the research questions effectively and efficiently, and the research has been supported by the notion of public interest theory. In conducting the study, general principles pertaining to effective legal and regulatory frameworks for mortgage banks and the experiences of some of the purposefully selected countries based on their successes and relevance to Ethiopia have been used. Finally, the study found that the outdated and one-sized legal and regulatory frameworks for all banks in the Ethiopian universal banking model have influenced the development of mortgage banks in Ethiopia. The study recommends that lawmakers should enact a comprehensive law and set up an organized regulatory framework for mortgage banks so as to adequately regulate and harmonize the housing finance system in the country.
ASSESSMENT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT PRACTICE IN RELATION TO EMPLOYEE LABOUR RIGHT: THE CASE OF HAWASSA INDUSTRIAL PARK
(Hawassa University, 2024-06) ABRAHAM KUSE WOYESA
xi ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of assessing foreign direct investment (FDI) practices in relation to employee labor rights in the case of Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP). Employing a descriptive research method, a mixed research approach incorporating qualitative and quantitative methodologies was employed, with data gathered through surveys and interviews. 20,364 employees from the target population of the study (392 sample size) were included across eleven companies within the HIP. Purposeful and systematic sampling techniques were used for the representative data collection. The findings of the study revealed concerning Workers at the Hawassa Industrial Park faced significant problems, including low wages, unfavorable working hours, discrimination, and harassment, which led to labor rights violations among employees of the Hawassa Industrial Park. Ineffective enforcement of regulations exacerbated these issues, while weak foreign direct investment practice enabled exploitation by companies. Furthermore, inadequate governmental framework oversight was weak to adequately address labor rights violation problems. The findings of this study concluded that massive labor rights were violated by the practices of FDI companies and the government framework. Finally, it was recommended that FDI companies and the government follow these steps: enhancing the transparency of labor rights policies, reinforcing enforcement mechanisms, encouraging the formation of labor unions, providing proper payment to increase their monthly salaries, and providing comprehensive training programs. By implementing these, promote labor rights and respectful working conditions in the HIP.
CAUSE OF DELAY IN CRIME INVESTIGATION AND THEIR IMPLICATION ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL OF SUSPECT: THE CASE OF BURAYU TOWN, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
(2023-10) FIKIRU SHIBIRU TEREFE
The right to a speedy trial is fundamental constitutional right and the extension of crime investigation beyond a reasonable duration, undermines this principle and adversely impact this right of the accused. While it is unrealistic to expect an overnight resolution of every crime investigation, challenges arise when the actual duration of an investigation far surpasses its expected timeframe. This is when researchers label it as a delay in crime investigation. Accordingly, this research aims to identify the cause of delay in crime investigation and their implication on the enforcement of the right to speedy trial of suspect focusing in Burayu Town. It also seeks to discuss the importance of upholding the constitutional rights of suspects to fair and effective investigations in ensuring the enforcement of the right to a speedy trial. In doing so the case study research design and qualitative research methodology were employed and examines the perspectives of investigative officers, suspect, prosecutor and judges, through interviews and questionnaires to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The findings of the study identified various cause of delay in crime investigation at Burayu town and compromising the enforcement of the suspect's right to a speedy trial. Firstly, the study revealed that personal problems of actors involved in the investigation process, along with institutional and legal factors, played a significant role in causing delays of crime investigation. The finding of the study also revealed the role of promotion of timely evidence gathering, strengthening the defence‟s position, preservation of evidence integrity, investigative officer credibility and public confidence as the importance of upholding the constitutional right of suspect to fair and effective investigation in ensuring the enforcement of the right to speedy trial and underscore the negative implication of investigative delay on the enforcement of right to speedy trial of suspect. Based on the findings, the research recommends some policy interventions to the concerned body to address the identified challenges. By shedding light on the causes of delay in crime investigations and its implication on the right to a speedy trial, this research contributes to the on-going discourse on criminal justice reform and underscores the importance of addressing these issues to uphold the fundamental rights of suspects and promote fair and efficient legal process.
Challenges and Opportunities of Farmland Ownership Registration and Certification in Kokosa Woreda, West Arsi Zone
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) Hamed Renki Kosora
Farmland registration and certification are the current issues, and the government has implemented massive measures to guarantee landowner safety at different levels. This study is intended to assess the opportunities and challenges of farmland ownership registration and certification practices in Kokosa Woreda, Oromia region. A mixed research approach with a cross-sectional survey was used for this study. Simple random sampling was used to select both analysis Kebeles and sample household heads. Primary data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire, a semi-structured interview, and a focused group discussion, whereas secondary data were collected from different published and unpublished materials. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean percentage and thematically displayed using figures and tables. The study reveals that farmers in Kokosa Woreda have a good level of awareness about farmland registration and certification. However, it is crucial to note that land registration and certification are ongoing processes that require continuous efforts to ensure secure land rights. Similarly, the study shows that land registration and certification help to secure land rights, reduce conflicts, and access financial opportunities. Besides, this indicated that land registration and certification protect female landholder rights, reduce conflicting claims, and provide an official and transparent framework for land transactions. Also, it is shown that women gain legal proof of their rights, which can help overcome discriminatory practices, enhance bargaining power, and improve household food security, livelihoods, and overall well-being. Technical challenges, such as inadequate infrastructure, limited technical capacity, inadequate data management systems, corruption, and a lack of political will, discourage the smooth process of land registration and certification in Kokosa Woreda. This study concludes that Kokosa Woreda farmers know about farmland registration and certification, which secures land rights, reduces conflicts, and provides financial opportunities, particularly for female landholders. Therefore, it is recommended that Woreda land administration officials address these challenges and utilize modern technology to improve the land registration and certification process.
CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TEMBARO WOREDA, KAMEBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ATINKUT ABEBE
The purpose of this study was to assess challenges of community participation in local development at selected kebele of Tembaro woreda. Descriptive research design was used. Qualitative and quantitative approaches of research were employed. Both primary and secondary source of data were used. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select respondents. Data were collected by using survey questionnaire from 184 sample community respondents, interview conducted with selected government officials and kebele administrators, FGDs held with selected community representatives. A descriptive method was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings shows that challenges of appropriate awareness creation, absence of convincing community mobilizing approach, absence of all inclusive participatory approach, over reporting of few development success, weak institutional frame work, gender discrimination, illiteracy, low social cooperation and low personal income are some of major challenges that greatly hampered active community participation in development program that result on poor community involvement at grass root level. As result of low level of community participation, most of local development decisions were passed based on small unrepresentative interest group and local leaders interest and also several community based local development programs were failed to be implemented. Thus it is recommended that local government authority should strengthen its institutional capacity, enhance community awareness creation on community participation and its importance, develop convincing community mobilizing approach, develop culture of all inclusive participatory problem identification and decision making, and regularly aware community on social and cultural obstacles in order to enhance community participation on development program at grass root level. And also all community members should voluntarily work in collaboration with local government authority and others development actors to make local development program successful and sustainable.
CHILD LABOUR IN THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR: THE CASE OF CHILDREN ENGAGED IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN HAWASSA CITY, SNNPRS
(Hawassa University, 2014-10) AKALEWOLD FEDILU MOHAMMED
This study was conducted in Hawassa City Administration with the main objective of assessing the causes and consequences of child labor on children who are engaged in solid waste management activities in the city. To accomplish its objective, the study employed a survey method, which is supplemented by qualitative research to enrich the data. Then 105 child solid waste management workers were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument of data collection. Focus group discussion, key informant interview, observation and case studies were also utilized to substantiate the data gained through the questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed using technique like frequencies, percentage, mean and cross tabulation. The qualitative data obtained through focus group discussion, key informant interview, personal observation and case studies were analyzed by using narration. The results of the study revealed that poverty (inabilities of parents or guardians to fulfill things important for their children), aspiration of children to support their parents and to become economically independent from their family were played a crucial role in the overall involvement of children in solid waste management activities. Furthermore, the study depicted that low occupational and educational status of parents, attitude of parents on the contribution of their children for survival, large family size, peer pressure and rural – urban migration pushed the child to work in solid waste management activities in the study area. On the other hand, the study findings clearly indicate that common cold, diarrhea, stomach ache, head ach, pneumonia, abrasion or scratch, eye irritation and malaria were the most prominent health problems faced by the working children and body cut and puncture were the most prominent physical injuries. The study finding was also indicated that the working children were victims of physical and emotional abuses. Finally some important recommendations have been raised as a solution to reduce the problem faced by child solid waste management workers in the study area.
CHILD RULAR- URBAN MIGRATION: A CASE STUDY IN KUCHA WOREDA GOMO ZONE SNNPR ETHIOPIA
(2020-06) ALEMU HUMBO
Child rural-urban migration is tied with economic and non-economic factors. Thus, this study aimed to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and migrant sending families; to identify the push and pull factors of migration and to assess the perceptions of migrant sending families towards child migration. A total of 178 participants in the study were selected by applying simple random sampling technique and purposively. In order to attain the proposed objectives instruments like questionnaire, key informants interview and FGDs were employed. To analyze the collected data both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. More specifically, quantitative data analyzed by using descriptive statistics with the help of the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and Microsoft office Excel 2007 whereas the qualitative data analyzed by narration(discussion).That of study specifically aims to review cause and consequences of rural-urban migration in Ethiopia. Environmental backwardness in the study area that ,Shortage of infrastructure, Family size, lower agricultural productivity, inadequate social services, demographic pressure, land shortages in rural areas were identified as the major push factors of migration. Although “push” factors predominate, there are some significant “pull” factors that attract rural children to urban areas like extreme poverty, lack of youth employment opportunities, inaccessibility of infrastructures like road and general secondary school, shortage of land, large family size and missed information about jobs, its payments and life styles at destination found to be the major push factors for migration. On the other hand, presence of better job opportunities in informal sectors, an ambition of migrants to live a better life and the influence of preceding migrants for instance migrants wearing styles, hair styles, walking and talking styles, mobile phones, bags etc. to be identified as the major pull factors for migration. The study area found to be important for child rural-urban migration. Also the study reveals that about 164(51.25)percent of migrants were found between the age ranges of 16and 18 years and the rate of migration was high in both sexes and the proportion of male migrant‟s slightly higher than females and females migrated in their earlier ages than males. Moreover, the vast majority of migrants were single and literate. However the study was also revealed that the majority of participants in the study area have positive perceptions towards child-rural-urban migration because by the belief that migrants would get different opportunities at destinations.
COMMERCIAL AGENT IN ETHIOPIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
(2019-02) MULUGETA TEKLEHAYMANOT
This is a comparative research work on the legal frame work of “Commercial Agent” in Ethiopia with an objective of exploring the various available legal frameworks there for and the associated problems therein. In this LLM thesis, it has been tried to overview the various legal protections on Commercial Agent in different jurisdictions and to also compare and contrast these ‘Commercial Agent’ frameworks with that “Commercial Agent” Legal frame work in Ethiopia. The paper finally comes up with some conclusions drawn from the legal loopholes and problems observed in the Laws which bestowed protection to Commercial Agent and the findings of the research show that there are inadequate legal frameworks to regulate the Commercial agency, part icularly Commercial Agent in Ethiopia. As a result under the Commercial Code of Ethiopia regarding the scope of a commercial agent’s activities , the exclusionary rule from Commercial agent businesses , the effect of Continued performance after the ex piry of fixed period, the consequences of non - observance of mandatory notice for termination, duty to cooperation of the commercial agent and principal, issue of remuneration post termination, the entitlement of Commercial Agent up on termination for de finite period of time, the entitlement of Compensation/indemnity if the agency relation is terminated due to death, illness, age and infirmity of the agent ,obligation not to compete post termination and the time - barred(period of limitation) for entitleme nt of compensation up on termination of the agency agreement are not properly addressed in a manner that attracts Commercial agency business investment.
COMMUNAL LAND TENURE AND LIVELIHOOD IN SMALLHOLDERS FARMING COMMUNITY REFERENCE FROM KEMBATA-TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR
(2019-05) BIRUK TADESSE ADEGO
The thesis examines the inter-connection between communal land tenure and livelihood, factors making it insecure and led to its extinction including its legal status, among smallholders in Kembata-Tembaro Zone, SNNPR. Since the early 1980s, there has been a resurgence of research activity in the area of common property resources and growing recognition of the importance of common pool resources for rural livelihoods. Lands for grazing and wildlife, forests and woodlands, mountaintops, sacred localities, lakes and streams within the community lands are usually retained purposely as collective property in which all members have use rights and communal land is essential to the community as a source of livelihood. Theoretically, Hardin’s tragedy of commons lies in the expectation that a resource will be overused when it is part of a “commons” and points out the hazards of open access (res nullius), rights or duties have not been defined and lack of property right.He argued for the privatization of the commons for effective use. Ostrom’s new common pool resource theory, justifies protecting the commons by underlining its significance for their needs and future generations. Practically, Communal land tenure is a typical feature of many developing countries. Lands held customarily in many parts of the world have always been vulnerable to involuntary loss, particularly those that are unsettled or unfarmed; that is, lands normally held collectively by individual communities. Nonetheless, concerns are repeatedly voiced by different civil society organizations and human rights advocates that state and private interests are increasingly infringing on poor people’s rights and access to the commons. There is growing international acknowledgment of the importance of communal land and there are soft laws in the form of guidelines and declarations were set in place for the recognition and protection of communal land tenure. In addition, there are many countries legal framework that safeguard communal land tenure for the sake of the rural poor. In Ethiopia, communal land rights are largely discussed in terms of pastoral society or semi-pastoral society. However there are communal lands among the smallholder farmers as well and play a major role in diversifying the livelihoods. In addition to their individual farmlands for crop production, smallholders are highly dependent on communal land and resources such as timber, firewood, fodder and most essentially, a place for ritual ceremonies. The empirical data obtained from the study area indicates that due to a number of unregulated practices and considering it as (res nullius) ownerless property, communal lands remain insecure. It is at the verge of extinction, led to poverty and human right violation. Thus, the writer argues for amendment of land laws and effective implementation to ensure tenure security of communal lands thereby securing and diversifying the livelihoods of poor smallholder rural farmers and ensuring human rights.
CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL HERITAGES FOR IMAGE BUILDING: REVIEWING THE ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE
(2020-06) Belete Sisay Tekie
Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. So, the main purpose of this study was to assess the “Contribution of Historical Heritages for Image Building: Reviewing the Ethiopian experience. The design of the study was descriptive and has employed qualitative research approaches. The data collection instruments were interview and document analysis. Interview was conducted with Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Heritage Study and Conservation Bureau, office of tourism Ethiopia, Ethiopian tour operator association and from various private tour operators by using purposive sampling technique. Thematic data analysis was used by linking interview results with document analysis. The finding of the study shows tourism industry in general, historical heritages in particular have crucial role for image building, branding, economic development and expansion of investment, poverty and unemployment reduction. Even though, tourism industry is the backbone for socio-economic development of the country, in Ethiopia tourism development is at infant stage. Utilization of historical heritages for image building, branding, image managements and for other socio-economic development is weak. The finding also shows the challenges that hinder to enhance image building, branding and image management via historical heritages. This includes internal and external challenges. Internally, there is lack of infrastructure such as transportation, internet, water supplication, electricity and lack of quality services like hotel, restaurants, entertainment services, bus, access to clean toilets, absence of peace and security and lack of awareness in the community. Externally, Ethiopia‟s image on the international scene is widely associated with draught, famine and war and the Horn of Africa seen as a region of instability and hub of terrorism. So, the finding recommends that the government must fulfill various infrastructures and quality services in the destination sites, stakeholders should develop the habits of working together and cooperation to foster tourism industry and Ethiopian government should realize the existence of peace and security in different parts of the region. In general, even if the country has many tangible heritages its performance of branding, image building and using it for economic development is found at low level.
DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF SHARE COMPANY DIRECTORS UNDER THE NEW COMMERCIAL CODE OF ETHIOPIA: LESSONS FROM SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES.
(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2024-05) EMIL KEDIR
his research examines the duties and liabilities of share company directors under the new Ethiopian commercial code, comparing it with South African, United Kingdom, and German company law. The study aims to examine the best experiences and lessons learned from these countries and draw lessons for the Ethiopian system. The research highlights the limitations of the revised Ethiopian commercial code, recommending that directors must operate in the best interests of shareholders. However, the director's duty of loyalty did not include all three components: refraining from using corporate opportunities for personal gain, refraining from having a personal stake in business transactions with third parties, and maintaining confidentiality of corporate information. Despite these shortcomings, the new Ethiopian commercial code remains effective compared to foreign jurisdictions. The research also provides recommendations for improving the Ethiopian commercial code
EVALUATION OF CUSTOMARY PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS IN RELATION TO WOMEN‟S RIGHTS TO RURAL LAND INHERITANCE IN SNNPRS: EXPERIENCES FROM GAMO GOFA ZONE
(2018-06) BILATE BISARE BITIRE
This thesis critically evaluates customary practices and institutions in relation to women’s right to rural land inheritance in Gamo Gofa Zone (GGZ), southern Ethiopia. It also analyzes the legal frameworks stipulating women’s rights to rural land inheritance in Ethiopia in general and in SNNPRS in particular. Women’s right to land inheritance is well recognized under international human rights instruments. In Ethiopia, women’s right to land inheritance is constitutionally recognized as well as in other land specific legislations. Assets like land gained through inheritance is essential to women’s every day survival, economic security and so forth. Despite the legal recognition, women’s right to rural land inheritance is not effectively implemented in GGZ primarily because of gender discriminatory customary rules and practices. Moreover, the elders acting as judges in customary institutions by applying already discriminatory customary rules deny women to inherit land. Thus, this study examines the customary challenges of women’s right to land inheritance and the justifications behind the customary prohibition of women land inheritance in the study area. Its main objective was to evaluate customary practices and institutions, examine, and analyze legal instruments and identify gaps between the laws and the practices on the ground in relation to women’s right to rural land inheritance in the study area. To answer the proposed research questions and attain its intended objectives, the researcher employed a qualitative research methodology. Moreover, to show the practices on the ground, the researcher used qualitative data collection methods such as in depth, key and informant interviews, focus group discussions and personal observations. Thus, the finding of the study shows although there is legal recognition due to deeply rooted gender discriminatory customary practices and elders biased decision in some customary institutions in GGZ, majority of women are deprived of right to possess land through inheritance. To tackle these challenges awareness creation campaigns to the whole rural community, community chiefs/clan leaders and women are very important. Moreover, all three organs of the SNNPRS government should ensure the implementation and enforceability of laws that protects women’s right to land inheritance. Furthermore, courts at the district level should take and apply the family member definition provided by the Region’s rural land legislation so that women can access land through inheritance.