College of Law and Governance
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://etd.hu.edu.et/handle/123456789/161
The College of Law and Governance is dedicated to education, research, and public service
in law, governance, public policy, and institutional development.
Browse
59 results
Search Results
Item THE ROLE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS IN EMPOWRING FEMALEACADEMIC STAFF IN ETHIOPIA HIGHER INSTITUTIONS: THE CASE OF WOLLO UNIVERSITY.(2021-06) EHITE HAILEMARIAM WOLLEThe study was intended to assess the Roleof affirmative actionin empowering female academic staff in selected colleges ofWollo University.This study adapted descriptive research and employed both qualitative research methodologies. The research has been carried out in Wollo University, focusing on four colleges suchas Social Science and Humanity, Business and Economics, Natural Science and Engineering Technology from each college four departments were selected randomly. Number of instructors from each selected department also selected randomly. Totally 80 female instructors were included in the study. Questionnaire, key informant interview, document review and focused group discussion (FGD) were used to gather data.Data analyzed was made bydescriptive statistics, frequency and percentage. Those were analyzed by using SPSS Software Data regarding the necessary of affirmative action the findings reviled that almost all(100%) ofrespondents stated that affirmative action program is very vital for female. Data concerning onchallenges that affect the implementation of affirmative action the finding shows that, 38% of respondents responded that lack of appropriate bodies or leaders is one of the challenges for ineffectiveness of affirmative action. In relation with the interest of female academic staffs to be a leader the great majority (97.5%) of respondents were not interested.The impact of lack of interests of female academic staff to come in leadership area affects the developmentof the society and the countryat large in getting role model for the coming generation. It is recommended that concerned bodies give close attention, motivate and solve challenges that limit their participation in leadership area and those concerned bodies should work together in order to implement affirmative action effectively. Key words:Item MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN WOLKITE TOWN, GURAGE ZONE, SNNPRS(2020-06) DIGAFENEH KIFLE WOLDESolid waste management (SWM) is the collection, transfer and disposal of all non-liquid and nongaseous solid materials from residential, commercial, institutional, construction, demolishing and street sweeping. Most civilized countries recognize the importance of solid waste management as it has socioeconomic, environmental and health values. However, developing countries like Ethiopia have low consciousness and limited involvements in SWM. Based on this premises, this study is aimed to assess the SWM practices of the municipality in Wolkite town in southern Ethiopia. Descriptive research design with mixed research approach was employed in the study. Totally, 316 sample households were involved in household survey, while, other key informants from the municipality, health institutions and local community were involved in in-depth interview and FGD. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that was complemented by narration of qualitative data obtained from interview & FGDs. The finding of the study indicates that almost all of the households have temporary storage for solid wastes at their home. However, most of the households didn’t store wastes separately based on the nature of the wastes. Disposing solid wastes in illegal sites is highly practiced most households. Factors like: limited awareness on solid waste management, inconsistent solid waste collection services by the municipality, in adequacy and inefficiency of the private solid waste collectors, poor coordination of governmental organizations and the private sectors in SWM. Furthermore, shortage of solid waste disposing containers and trucks in the municipality, financial constraints, inadequate human power to engage in SWM, lack of proper implementations of rules and regulations and lack of decentralized SWM services of the municipality are also among the bottlenecks that challenged the SWM practices in Wolkite town. In order to curb the challenge on SWM, concerned stakeholders should jointly work. Moreover, the municipality should carry out all the facilities for effective and efficient SWM in the town.Item ANALYSIS ON THE INCIDENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: THE CASE OF DURAME TOWN, KAMBATA TAMBARO ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA(2019-02) DESALEGN LIRANSO DAEMOPoverty is a complex and multidimensional social problem in the world including Ethiopia. It has been a long time that the attention of the international community is drawn to alleviate it. However, poverty is still continued to be a challenge for global community. Recently, poverty is becoming a typical urban phenomenon due to rapid urbanization particularly in developing countries. Various factors could determine the incidence and extent of household poverty in urban areas. Studies that identified factors that determine the level and extent of urban household poverty particularly in small and medium towns were not adequate. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the incidence and determinants of urban household poverty in Durame town with the specific objectives of measuring the incidence and extent of urban poverty using consumption expenditure approach, analyzing the determinants of urban household poverty, assessing the role of GOs and NGOs in reducing urban poverty and identifying the possible opportunities that enable reduce poverty in the study area. In order to attain these objectives, 227 sample households were selected using systematic random sampling method from two kebeles of the study town. Primary data was collected from the sample households using survey questionnaire. Key informant interview and FGD were also conducted as planned and these data were used qualitatively to substantiate the findings. Poor and non-poor households were identified by using preset poverty line of birr 5142.16 for the study area. Consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per year was computed against the predetermined poverty line to categorize poor and non-poor households. FGT method was employed to identify indices of incidence, gap and severity of poverty. The results revealed that about 29.9 % of the sample households’ fall below poverty line with 5.9% and 2% poverty gap and severity respectively. Econometric results of binary logistic regression model demonstrated that sex and household size were found to be statistically significant determinants of poverty and have strong positive association with poverty status of urban household whereas education, income, access to safe water and electric energy were associated negatively with poverty status of the urban household at statistically significant level at 1 percent. The remaining predictor variables revealed as positively associated except credit which is negatively associated with poverty status of the household at statistically insignificant level. The findings of the study confirmed that the role of GOs and NGOs is not significant except providing some school materials for few poor households by some religious institutions. The GOs projects were mainly focused on upgrading urban infrastructure and social protection activities were not yet practical. As it was common elsewhere, the focus of NGOs is mainly rural than urban in the study area. As poverty incidence is higher in the study area, it requires greater attention to design pro poor projects to improve the living condition of poor urban households. Emphasis should be given to family planning strategies as the average household size is larger in the study area. In addition, adequate effort should be needed to improve the accessibility of safe drinking water and electric energy to poor households without which escaping poverty is difficult for urban households.Item PRACTICES ND CHALLENGES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN RENDERING CLEAN WATER SERVICES IN THE CASE OF BODITTI TOWN, WOLAITA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA(2021-05) DEREJE SATA SAWOREThe purpose of this study was to investigate the practices and challenges of Good governance in rendering Clean water services in Boditti Town wolaita, zone. For this study the descriptive survey research design was employed. For the study Boditti town was selected through purposive sampling technique due to its population expansion with low provision of clean water. From the town the two sampled kebeles selected based on their high number households and intensity of problems in clean water services. Using purposive sampling from two kebels 55 households selected proportionally for data collection. In with the questionnaire was used as main tools of data collection and interview as used to triangulate data gathered through questionnaire. Observation and document analysis also part of data collection techniques. using the descriptive survey design the qualitative data was also analyzed. In order to analyses data 55 sample sized households from two kebele selected purposively. Using Slovene formula the qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive study. The study revealed that government lacks, transparency, accountability, fairness lack response to household’s questions and lack awareness creation in clean water services. The government has to give more attention to household’s regarding clean water questions. The study concluded with, the recommendation that the government and households have to make cooperative efforts in all aspects of clean water services.In this discussion was conducted in Amharic according to the group circumstances. The researcher did a lot of clarification and probing to get more information in the course of discussion. Researcher believed that, the information collected through focuses group discussion, helped to evaluate how the challenges of good governance and its impacts on clean water provision. The focuses group discussion in the study involved respondents from each kebele male and female with equal in number through voluntary. The participants of focus group discussion selected through purposive sampled techniques considering their education, perception, age and elder of the town.From this the researcher selected two male and two female from each kebele totally eight from two kebeles considering their education, perception, age and elder of the town.Item COMMERCIAL AGENT IN ETHIOPIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY(2019-02) MULUGETA TEKLEHAYMANOTThis is a comparative research work on the legal frame work of “Commercial Agent” in Ethiopia with an objective of exploring the various available legal frameworks there for and the associated problems therein. In this LLM thesis, it has been tried to overview the various legal protections on Commercial Agent in different jurisdictions and to also compare and contrast these ‘Commercial Agent’ frameworks with that “Commercial Agent” Legal frame work in Ethiopia. The paper finally comes up with some conclusions drawn from the legal loopholes and problems observed in the Laws which bestowed protection to Commercial Agent and the findings of the research show that there are inadequate legal frameworks to regulate the Commercial agency, part icularly Commercial Agent in Ethiopia. As a result under the Commercial Code of Ethiopia regarding the scope of a commercial agent’s activities , the exclusionary rule from Commercial agent businesses , the effect of Continued performance after the ex piry of fixed period, the consequences of non - observance of mandatory notice for termination, duty to cooperation of the commercial agent and principal, issue of remuneration post termination, the entitlement of Commercial Agent up on termination for de finite period of time, the entitlement of Compensation/indemnity if the agency relation is terminated due to death, illness, age and infirmity of the agent ,obligation not to compete post termination and the time - barred(period of limitation) for entitleme nt of compensation up on termination of the agency agreement are not properly addressed in a manner that attracts Commercial agency business investment.Item COMMUNAL LAND TENURE AND LIVELIHOOD IN SMALLHOLDERS FARMING COMMUNITY REFERENCE FROM KEMBATA-TEMBARO ZONE, SNNPR(2019-05) BIRUK TADESSE ADEGOThe thesis examines the inter-connection between communal land tenure and livelihood, factors making it insecure and led to its extinction including its legal status, among smallholders in Kembata-Tembaro Zone, SNNPR. Since the early 1980s, there has been a resurgence of research activity in the area of common property resources and growing recognition of the importance of common pool resources for rural livelihoods. Lands for grazing and wildlife, forests and woodlands, mountaintops, sacred localities, lakes and streams within the community lands are usually retained purposely as collective property in which all members have use rights and communal land is essential to the community as a source of livelihood. Theoretically, Hardin’s tragedy of commons lies in the expectation that a resource will be overused when it is part of a “commons” and points out the hazards of open access (res nullius), rights or duties have not been defined and lack of property right.He argued for the privatization of the commons for effective use. Ostrom’s new common pool resource theory, justifies protecting the commons by underlining its significance for their needs and future generations. Practically, Communal land tenure is a typical feature of many developing countries. Lands held customarily in many parts of the world have always been vulnerable to involuntary loss, particularly those that are unsettled or unfarmed; that is, lands normally held collectively by individual communities. Nonetheless, concerns are repeatedly voiced by different civil society organizations and human rights advocates that state and private interests are increasingly infringing on poor people’s rights and access to the commons. There is growing international acknowledgment of the importance of communal land and there are soft laws in the form of guidelines and declarations were set in place for the recognition and protection of communal land tenure. In addition, there are many countries legal framework that safeguard communal land tenure for the sake of the rural poor. In Ethiopia, communal land rights are largely discussed in terms of pastoral society or semi-pastoral society. However there are communal lands among the smallholder farmers as well and play a major role in diversifying the livelihoods. In addition to their individual farmlands for crop production, smallholders are highly dependent on communal land and resources such as timber, firewood, fodder and most essentially, a place for ritual ceremonies. The empirical data obtained from the study area indicates that due to a number of unregulated practices and considering it as (res nullius) ownerless property, communal lands remain insecure. It is at the verge of extinction, led to poverty and human right violation. Thus, the writer argues for amendment of land laws and effective implementation to ensure tenure security of communal lands thereby securing and diversifying the livelihoods of poor smallholder rural farmers and ensuring human rights.Item EVALUATION OF CUSTOMARY PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS IN RELATION TO WOMEN‟S RIGHTS TO RURAL LAND INHERITANCE IN SNNPRS: EXPERIENCES FROM GAMO GOFA ZONE(2018-06) BILATE BISARE BITIREThis thesis critically evaluates customary practices and institutions in relation to women’s right to rural land inheritance in Gamo Gofa Zone (GGZ), southern Ethiopia. It also analyzes the legal frameworks stipulating women’s rights to rural land inheritance in Ethiopia in general and in SNNPRS in particular. Women’s right to land inheritance is well recognized under international human rights instruments. In Ethiopia, women’s right to land inheritance is constitutionally recognized as well as in other land specific legislations. Assets like land gained through inheritance is essential to women’s every day survival, economic security and so forth. Despite the legal recognition, women’s right to rural land inheritance is not effectively implemented in GGZ primarily because of gender discriminatory customary rules and practices. Moreover, the elders acting as judges in customary institutions by applying already discriminatory customary rules deny women to inherit land. Thus, this study examines the customary challenges of women’s right to land inheritance and the justifications behind the customary prohibition of women land inheritance in the study area. Its main objective was to evaluate customary practices and institutions, examine, and analyze legal instruments and identify gaps between the laws and the practices on the ground in relation to women’s right to rural land inheritance in the study area. To answer the proposed research questions and attain its intended objectives, the researcher employed a qualitative research methodology. Moreover, to show the practices on the ground, the researcher used qualitative data collection methods such as in depth, key and informant interviews, focus group discussions and personal observations. Thus, the finding of the study shows although there is legal recognition due to deeply rooted gender discriminatory customary practices and elders biased decision in some customary institutions in GGZ, majority of women are deprived of right to possess land through inheritance. To tackle these challenges awareness creation campaigns to the whole rural community, community chiefs/clan leaders and women are very important. Moreover, all three organs of the SNNPRS government should ensure the implementation and enforceability of laws that protects women’s right to land inheritance. Furthermore, courts at the district level should take and apply the family member definition provided by the Region’s rural land legislation so that women can access land through inheritance.Item MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF TREES PLANTED THROUGH GOVERNMENT INITIATED CAMPAIGNS IN ETHIOPIA SINCE 2016: THE CASE OF SELECTED AFFORESTED SITES IN HAWASSA ZURIYA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGION.(2020-05) BEREKET KEAThis thesis was conducted with the main objective of assessing management practices of trees planted through government initiated campaigns in Ethiopia since 2016: the case of selected afforested sites in Hawassa Zuriya Woreda, Sidama Region. For achieving the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data were generated by employing qualitative and quantitative methods. Purposive and systematic random sampling procedures were applied to select two kebeles and 118 sample households respectively. The quantitative data was analyzed using in descriptive statistic like: frequency and percentage, where data is depicted in tables. Moreover, the qualitative data was analyzed using narration and descriptions that was used to authenticate the study. The results of the study showed that, the new government policy of campaigned tree plantation was not put clear demarcation of who to manage forests in the kebeles level. It didn’t sufficiently consider endogenous knowledge of community forest management, which could help the forest management work easy. Even-though, the communities have their own indigenous knowledge and have awareness about the benefits of forests for their livelihood in local and environmental changes in globally, there are unclear land tenure policy ,lack of participatory forest management approaches, lack of supporting sufficient budget and low participation of gender issues in the forest management. It was recommended to improve forest management that; encourage forest management through community control system, allocate sufficient budget for forest management, making awareness for the community about environmental changes and its effects, expand indigenous knowledge of community based forest management system and implementing forest protection laws for those who violates forest laws.Item CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL HERITAGES FOR IMAGE BUILDING: REVIEWING THE ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE(2020-06) Belete Sisay TekieTourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. So, the main purpose of this study was to assess the “Contribution of Historical Heritages for Image Building: Reviewing the Ethiopian experience. The design of the study was descriptive and has employed qualitative research approaches. The data collection instruments were interview and document analysis. Interview was conducted with Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Heritage Study and Conservation Bureau, office of tourism Ethiopia, Ethiopian tour operator association and from various private tour operators by using purposive sampling technique. Thematic data analysis was used by linking interview results with document analysis. The finding of the study shows tourism industry in general, historical heritages in particular have crucial role for image building, branding, economic development and expansion of investment, poverty and unemployment reduction. Even though, tourism industry is the backbone for socio-economic development of the country, in Ethiopia tourism development is at infant stage. Utilization of historical heritages for image building, branding, image managements and for other socio-economic development is weak. The finding also shows the challenges that hinder to enhance image building, branding and image management via historical heritages. This includes internal and external challenges. Internally, there is lack of infrastructure such as transportation, internet, water supplication, electricity and lack of quality services like hotel, restaurants, entertainment services, bus, access to clean toilets, absence of peace and security and lack of awareness in the community. Externally, Ethiopia‟s image on the international scene is widely associated with draught, famine and war and the Horn of Africa seen as a region of instability and hub of terrorism. So, the finding recommends that the government must fulfill various infrastructures and quality services in the destination sites, stakeholders should develop the habits of working together and cooperation to foster tourism industry and Ethiopian government should realize the existence of peace and security in different parts of the region. In general, even if the country has many tangible heritages its performance of branding, image building and using it for economic development is found at low level.Item POLITICAL UPRISING AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ETHIOPIA: LEGAL PROTECTION AND COMPENSATION(2019-06) BEHAILU BERGENA WADAn the current globalized world, where every single action of one country or any international organization directly or indirectly; positively or negatively affects another country, FDI is considered to be one of engines of boosting economic development of both developed and developing countries in which Ethiopia is not an exception. There are different theories for and against the flow of FDI into the territory of the host country. Those which analyze in favor of it try to mention the positive effects of FDI while the opposite side criticizes the same on the ground that FDI doesn‘t play positive role in the affairs of the host country or it takes the minimal part. Sooner or later it is positively considered by the majority of academic persons and politicians. FDI is not indifferent to the domestic situations of the host country. There are different determinants which play either positively or negatively in the inflow of FDI. One of the determinants is the political environment of the recipient country. The more stable is the political situation of the host country the more likelihood of inflow of FDI will be. The holding of massive political demonstration, political violence and armed conflicts are some of features of political instability in the host country which put the host country in disadvantageous part regarding the inflow of FDI. The study is mainly devoted to be conducted due to the current political uprising which has begun mainly three years ago. Following the political uprising, several FDIs have suffered from damage. Though the response of the government, to repair the damage, is quicker, investors have welcomed it in hesitation alleging its insufficiency. There are also investors who have refused to receive the government‘s ‗financial support because of its disproportionality to their damage. The general objective sought to be achieved, in the study, is checking whether the country has tried its best to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of the damage and the response of investors on the ‗financial support‘ made by the government. To do so, the qualitative and non-doctrinal research methodology has been employed. The legal documents and other literature have been reviewed. Interview has also been conducted with the Ethiopian Investment Commission and three investors which have been selected from among the injured investments following the political uprising. The study has revealed that Ethiopian government has shown reluctance in implementing the country‘s obligation of according full protection and security. Therefore, it has come up with the recommendation that the Ethiopian government should give equal endeavor for putting the obligation into practice as that of its diligence to attract FDI.