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    LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE DYNAMICS AND SOIL LOSS: GIS AND REMOTE SENSING BASED ANALYISIS, IN SHASHOGO WEREDA, HADIYA ZONE, SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-26) YOSEPH DEBOCH HANKORE
    The relationship between land use land cover change dynamics and soil loss over the last four decades (1973-2015) was investigated using GIS and Remote Sensing data at Shashogo Wereda, Hadiya Zone, SNNPRS, Ethiopia. In order to achieve these, satellite data of Landsat 1 MSS for 1973, Landsat 5 TM for 1986, Landsat 7 ETM plus for 2000, and Landsat 8 OLI for 2015 have been obtained and pre-processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014 software. The Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification has been used to generate LULC maps. Ancillary data were used to validate the classified LULC maps. For the accuracy of classified LULC maps, a confusion matrix was used to derive overall accuracy and results were above the minimum and acceptable threshold level. For change detection statistics, cross-tabulation matrices method was employed to identify gains and losses between LULC classes. The study analyzed the magnitude of spatial and temporal LULC changes for three consecutive periods; 1973 to 1986, 1986 to 2000, and 2000 to 2015. Moreover, the soil loss from the watershed was estimated using USLE employing GIS tools. Results of the study revealed that the study area has undergone substantial LULC changes. Over the 42yrs, the aerial coverage of cultivated land was increased from 43.9 to 63.0% between 1973 and 2015. Similarly, water body and wetland were increased from 0.6 to 3.9% and 4.4 to 6.7% respectively. Settlement area which was not found in the first and second period of study years, satellite image result have 2.9% proportion in 2015 LULC classification. On the other hand, grass land, bush land, and bare land were decreased from 16.1 to 6.5%, 28.6 to 12.4%, and 6.4 to 4.5% between 1973 and 2015, respectively. Following the land use change pattern, soil loss values were increased in 2015. The estimated soil loss rate in the watershed was 14.31t/ha/yr in 2015. The findings of this study suggested that the rate of LULC change over the study period, particularly intensively cultivated land, bare land, and soil erosion problems need to be given due attention to maintain the stability of the ecosystem
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    Land use/land cover change and soil erosion risk mapping in Shebedino woreda, Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-12) ADDISU AMARE HABTE
    Soil erosion is one of the major environmental problems that threaten sustainable agricultural production. Estimates of soil erosion risks and changes in the land use land cover will assist effective and sustainable land management and soil and water conservation (SWC) measures implementations. This study reported assessments of Land use/land cover changes between periods of 1973 and 2014 using GIS and Remote Sensing technique of Shebedino woreda. The study also attempted to map soil erosion risk by water and estimated the rate of soil erosion using Universal Soil Loss Equation in combination with GIS and Remote Sensing applications. Two satellite imageries (Landsat MSS 1973 and Landsat ETM+2014) have been used for change detection. Ethiopia soil map and soil survey data, 23 years rainfall data, a digital elevation model image, and land cover map for the year of 2014 have been used to estimate rate of soil erosion. Subsequently, land use/land cover map of the year 1973 and 2014, and soil erosion risk map of the study area have been produced. The study revealed that in the last four decades significant changes have been detected on LULCC. Forest cover and grazing land significantly decreased at a rate of 184.22 ha/yr and 38.08 ha/yr respectively; on the other hand cultivated land has shown increment in area at a rate of 179.91 ha/yr; and settlement has shown increment as well. The soil erosion risk analysis result shows that the woreda exhibited soil erosion rate of between 0 to 50 tonnes per hectare per year. The total annual soil loss in the study area was about 77200.50 tonnes, with 3.92 tonnes per hectare per year of mean annual rate of soil loss. A significant increment (159 %) in total annual soil loss has been observed. The total annual soil loss amount increased to 77200.50 tonnes in 2014 compared to 31076.05 tonnes 1973 situation. Based on the finding of this study, it was concluded that there were significant land use/ land cover change happened in the woreda. Part of the worda is prone to soil erosion risks. Therefore, all woreda level actors should give emphases to the situation and devise appropriate interventions measures for better and effective management of land recourses
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    GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: A CASE STUDY IN MANTHA WATERSHED, OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-05-27) ZERIHUN ZENEBE JEBULA
    In the current study area, the demand for groundwater is increasing. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of this study was to map groundwater potential zones in Mantha watershed using geographic information system and remote sensing. Ten groundwater controlling factors (geology, rainfall, lineament, soil, land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, and distance to river, elevation, and drainage density) were used to map the groundwater potential zones of the study watershed using remote sensing data. Among these, three layers (geology, geomorphology, and soil) of the study watershed were extracted from existing data, and five layers (slope, drainage density, elevation, lineament, and distance to river) were developed using DEM of 30m*30m spatial resolution. 20 years precipitation data obtained from National meteorology Agency of Ethiopia were converted into areal rainfall using inverse distance weight interpolation method integrated with ArcGIS 10.8 to develop rainfall layer of the study watershed. Landsat8 of the year 2020 was used to map the land use/land cover of the study watershed using supervised image classification with maximum likelihood algorism in ERDAS 2015. Then, all thematic layers were reclassified using literatures and Jenks methods and finally rated in analytical hierarchy process. The results of ten thematic layers data rated in in analytical hierarchy process indicated that the most dominant thematic layers that hold high weight relative to others were- geology (28%), rainfall (16.6%), lineament density (12.9%), and soil (10.3%). Groundwater potential map of the study watershed was obtained by using weights derived from AHP and overlay analysis conducted in arc GIS10.8_ platform. There were four groundwater potential zones mapped in the Mantha watershed, namely, very high, high, moderate, and low. The map result was verified by well data and the result showed strong agreement in each category with 85.7%, 83.33%, 90%, and 100% respectively. The finding of this study indicates that the geographic information system and remote sensing model approach are reliable and can be a reliable prospecting method of groundwater potential zone
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    STREAM FLOW RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN LAND USE/LAND COVER: THE CASE OF UPPER GIDABO CATCHEMENT, RIFT VALLEY LAKES BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-11) TESFAHUN TADEWOS BATE
    The study analyses the land cover change between the 1996, and 2011, and the effect these changes have had on stream flow on Upper Gidabo catchment. Within Upper Gidabo catchment land use is undergoing major changes due to pressures of human activities. Changes in land use have potentially large impacts on water resources by causing more surface runoff, decreased water retention capacity, loss of wetland and drying of river. In this study, both the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Spearman`s rank correlation statistical time series analysis for measured stream flow were applied to understand the stream flow variability and land use dynamics effect on stream flow of Upper Gidabo catchment. Land use maps of 1996, and 2011 were derived from satellite images and analyzed using ERDAS Imagine 2014 software. From the land cover change analysis results it was found that there has been a substantial decline of forest lands, shrub lands, wet lands and drastic expansion of agricultural land. The SWAT modeling results showed that an increase of stream flow by 21% comparing the two land use maps (1996 versus 2011). The analysis also revealed that flow during the wet months has increased by 9.53 % while the flow during the dry season decreased by 2.36 %. Furthermore the Spearman`s rank correlation test has been applied to detect the monotonic trend existence on the mean annual, seasonal, 1- and 7- days annual minimum and maximum flows. The Spearman`s rank correlation - test demonstrates that in the case of 1-day maximum flow, no significant trend is noticeable; however, the extreme low flows indicators (e.g.1day minimum,7 day minimum) and dry seasonal flows exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends. Generally, the combined results of the SWAT model and the statistical tests revealed that land use change has caused a significant increase on mean annual stream flow and decrease dry season flows of the studied watershed during the period. The identified result is important to inform optimal water resource management and to plan and manage water resources development within the watershed in a sustainable manner
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    SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING SEBAL MODEL IN THE DATA SCARCE MOJO CATCHMENT, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2024-07-10) HIRUT GIRMA
    Evapotranspiration is essential to the hydrological and energy cycles, as well as to the estimation of irrigation needs and water supplies. For improved water resource planning and management, accurate ET estimation is crucial to the measurement of the water balance at the basin, river basin, and regional scales. Remotely sensed data are good alternatives that support the collection of climate data. The objective of this study was to estimate Spatial and temporal analysis of evapotranspiration using surface energy balance algorithm for the land (SEBAL) model in the data scarce Mojo catchment. This study used the SEBAL model to assess satellite evapotranspiration from October to March 2022. For this analysis, net radiation, soil heat flow, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, surface emissivity, surface temperature, surface radiance, surface reflectance, surface albedo, NDVI, and LAI are calculated. The sensible heat flux is calculated by determining the hot and cold pixels under consideration via the atmospheric stability conditions. Finally, evapotranspiration maps are plotted. Consequently, GRASS GIS software and SEBAL Python were used to determine the daily, monthly, and seasonal evapotranspiration in the research area. The findings demonstrated a good degree of agreement between the evapotranspiration values provided by SEBAL and the FAO Penman-Monteith method, with the latter reporting the lowest error (RMSE = 1.14) and the highest correlation (R2 = 0.96). The estimated ET values for the months of March through October, In March and November, the highest and lowest calculated AET values were 6.43 and 4.2 mm/d, respectively. ET values were computed for emperical methods using REF-ET software. In order to compare the results obtained from the SEBAL approach, the Standard Penman-Monteith value for the weather station was utilized as a reference. The results indicate that, given the SEBAL algorithm's acceptable performance in estimating actual evapotranspiration using Landsat 8 satellite images, it could be a very practical method and play a crucial role in understanding water resource management on various earthly surfaces, which is necessary to achieve sustainable development of water resources in the basin. It is also advised that the SEBAL algorithm be applied in the upper Awash basin's remaining catchment
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    IMPACT OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON CATCHEMENT HYDROLOGY: THE CASE OF GIDABO CATCHEMENT, RIFT VALLEY LAKES BASIN, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2021-03-18) TESHOME MEKONNEN KAYESSO
    The study analyzed the land use/land cover change between the 1996, and 2016, and the effect these changes had on Hydrology on Gidabo catchment. Within Gidabo catchment land use is undergoing major changes due to pressures of human activities. Changes in land use have potentially large impacts on water resources by causing more surface runoff, decreased water retention capacity, loss of wetland and drying of river. In this study, both the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Spearman`s rank correlation statistical time series analysis for measured stream flow were applied to understand the stream flow variability and land use dynamics effect on stream flow of Gidabo catchment. Land use maps of 1996, 2006 and 2016 were derived from satellite images and analyzed using ERDAS Imagine 2014 software. From the land cover change analysis results it was found that there has been a substantial decline of forest lands, shrub lands, wet lands and drastic expansion of agricultural land. The SWAT modeling results showed that an increase of stream flow by 21% comparing the three land use maps (1996, 2006 & 2016). The analysis also revealed that flow during the wet months has increased by 9.53 % while the flow during the dry season decreased by 2.36 %. Generally, the combined results of the SWAT model and the statistical tests revealed that land use change has caused a significant increase on mean annual stream flow and decrease dry season flows of the studied watershed during the period. The identified result is important to inform optimal water resource management and to plan and manage water resources development within the watershed in a sustainable manner
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    COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONVENTIONAL VERSUS REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH FOR LAKE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION: THE CASE OF LAKE HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2018-10-11) GIRUM FIKADE WOLDE SENBET
    Evaporation is the major component of the water and energy budget of the water bodies. The Evaporation process needs special attention for a better allocation and management of water resources. The main objective of this study was to compare evaporation estimates based on conventional and Remote Sensing approach. Different methods have been developed and implemented to estimate total evaporation, including meteorological ground-based point data, field measurements and spatially explicit remotely sensed data. Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) was employed to estimate the Lake Hawassa evaporation and other energy balance components. The SEBS results were compared with meteorological methods results (Debruine Keigeman, BREB method, and Penman), using Pan Evaporation as a reference. Nash-Sutcliffe, efficiency coefficient (E), Wilmott‟s index (dr) for evaporation estimates, and Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) were used as a statistical performance measures for energy balance component estimates. The SEBS results indicate that the Lake Hawassa average evaporation estimate is 1.16 mm/day in September and 5.2 mm/day in February. Using Pan Evaporation measurements as a tool; evaporation estimates of SEBS perform better than any other metrological method, with Nash-Sutcliffe, efficiency coefficient (E) = 0.48 and Wilmott‟s index (dr) = 0.48 as well. Penman and BREB methods perform poor in evaporation estimation from Lake Hawassa. SEBS heat fluxes RMSD from the meteorological based estimation were 15.01W/m2 for Net Radiation (Rn), 13.7 W/m2 for Stored Heat Flux (G0), and 11.54 W/m2 for Sensible Heat Flux (H). Generally it was concluded that the SEBS remote sensing algorithm is applicable for evaporation and other energy balance components estimation on Lake Hawassa.