Institute of Technology

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    DETERMINANTSOF COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RURAL AREA OF BORICHA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2023-10-26) GENET ZENEBE HAILE
    Clean water is an essential element for human health, wellbeing, and prosperity. Everyhuman being has the right to access safe drinking water. But, nowadays, due to rapid population growth, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; people around the world face a problem of water scarcity. This study aimed to identify the determinants of coverage and quality of potable water supply and sanitation in rural area of Boricha woreda, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia.A community-based cross-sectional study was carried in 2022 from four rural kebeles. 13water samples were taken forphysico-chemical and bacteriological parameters analysis,Data collection samples were selected randomly to each kebeles’ households. MS Excel and stata-14 were used to enter and analyze the data.85 households were selected from Four kebele by systematic sampling methods; from which 71(83.53%) men and 14(16.47%) were women. Based on the study undertaken, 79.41% of households used improved and 20.59 % of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Household’s drinking water sources are significantly associated with age of the household head, educational level, hand washing facilities, defecation, the availability latrine, treatment method, cause of quality potable water and perception of the household head factors were significantly determining the sanitation with the drinking water sources.The average values physic-chemical parameters Temperature 20.98°C Turbidity 1.29 NTU, PH 6.65-6.08,Electro conductivity 400.11 μs/cm, Phosphate 4.07 mg/l, Total hardness 105.16 mg/l, Nitrate 3.37 mg/l and Chloride 5.28 mg/l. The average values Bacteriological parameters of drinking water in study area: Total coliform 23.25 cfu and Feacal coliform 3.17cfu the point of consumption and storage respectively. In terms of physic chemical parameter of drinking water: PH, total dissolved solid, electro conductivity, total hardness and nitrate values; are at allowable level comparing with WHO guide line. On other hand; the mean values of temperature, iron and fluoride were much greater than WHO guideline value. I conclude that, according to the finding access of quality drinking water coverage is very low and scarcity to meet the demands of the community.
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    COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RURAL AREAS OF DAMOT SORE WOREDA, WOLAITA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Hawassa University, 2017-10-27) MESERET BEKELE
    Limited access associated with poor potable water supply, sanitation and hygiene make the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption and these calling for the expansion and improvement of basic water supply and sanitation services. This study was conducted in Damot Sore Woreda, Southern Ethiopia to examine coverage and quality of potable water supply and sanitation. For this study, four Kebele administrations were selected by purposive sampling technique and 83 households were randomly selected for primary data sources. Household surveys, key-informant interview and personal observations were used for primary data collection. Location map, water quality sampling point and spatial distribution of water supply schemes in the Woreda were prepared using Arc GIS 9.2 software. A total of 55 water samples were taken and examined for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters;11from source,11 from household containers,11 from drinking cup,11 for dry and 11 for wet season. The data from the respondents were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical technique. Accordingly, multiple linear regression models was applied to identify factors influencing the HH water coverage, one way ANOVA were employed to see the statistical difference of the variables at 5% significant level and correlation was also used to observe associations of variables. The findings revealed that the major problems regarding drinking water were: low coverage (46.5%), low spatial distribution of water points(58.4%), low quantity(average 6.9litres) consumption per capita and almost all residents take less than 20 litres of potable water and long fetching time (average 52.75 minutes). It was observed that, HH water coverage is influenced by family size (p=0.00), functionality of the schemes (p=0.014), time required to fetch water (p=0.00) and distance to the schemes (p=0.01) was found to be significant. The result of water quality test revealed that average values for all selected physico-chemical parameters such as pH (except hand dug well at Shamba kebele), EC, Turbidity(except hand dug well, on-spot spring and hand dug well at Bolela, Anchito and Shamba kebeles, respectively), TDS, TH, Nitrate, Iron, Fluoride, Magnesium and Chloride at source, storage and point of use were found within the acceptable limit of ES and WHO. However, the mean value of Temperature and Phosphate were beyond the recommended ES and WHO standards. The laboratory result of bacteriological water quality for all sampled sites exceeded to the ES and WHO standards. The value of temperature decrease significantly from water source to HH storage (p=0.036). However, other parameters showed no significant change from source to storage. The concentration of total coliform increases significantly from supply source to point of use (p=0.024). The dry and wet season measurement showed that variation in physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. However, statistically no significant difference observed between dry and wet season in all parameters studied. Lack of improved pit latrine, poor hand washing practice, improper handling and disposal of wastes and lack of clean storage facilities identified as the major factors responsible for poor sanitation situation, which contributes to the deterioration of drinking water quality in the Woreda. So, Woreda water supply service could not meet domestic water consumption (l/c/d) with existing capacity and gets lower. The water sources in the area are bacteriologically contaminated and therefore not suitable for domestic purposes unless treated.