College of Natural and Computational Sciences
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The College of Natural and Computational Sciences advances education, research, and innovation
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Item SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS TOWARDS BRUCELLOSIS IN TWO DISTRICTS OF WEST GUJI ZONE, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) MIESSA BANATA DERESSOBrucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic illnesses in the world. A close human-animal contact and tradition of raw animal product consumption make zoonosis among the major public health hazards, with particular implication to pastoral area such as Wet Guji zone. Lack of sufficient awareness regarding the disease in the area is another considerable issue. A cross sectional study was conducted with the objectives of estimating seroprevalence of small ruminants’ brucellosis, assessing associated risk factors and understanding the community awareness towards the disease. Systematic sampling methods were used to select the study animals. Accordingly, 324 small ruminants (132 sheep and 192 goats) and 52 human sera samples were collected. These samples were first screened by Rose Bengal plate taste (RBPT) and then positive ones were finally confirmed by I-ELISA. Out of which 34 small ruminants and 13 human samples were positive using RBPT of these 23 ruminants and 10 human samples were confirmed using I-ELISA. An overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 7.1% and 19.2% in small ruminants and humans respectively. Univariable logistic regression showed that risk factors such as the sex, abortion history, age group, flock size, management, BCS, and parity were significantly associated (p<0.05) with increased seropositivity in small ruminants. Whereas in multi variables logistic regression age group, abortion history, flock size, BCS and parity showed significant difference. Adult age, animal with abortion history, large flock size, poor body condition and multiparous animals were more likely infected than their respective counterparts. Seroprevalence in humans was high in adult, females and those with problem of sanitation. So, these results provided evidence of the importance of brucellosis in humans and small ruminants in the study area. Overall, the existence of brucellosis, the community's daily practice of uncontrolled movement of animals, and the livelihood nature of pastoralists suggest the need for public health education on the zoonotic importance of brucellosis continuously in the study area.Item BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS AND HUMAN TAENIOSIS: PREVALENCE, PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND COMMUNITY AWARNESS IN AND AROUND HALABA KULITO TOWN, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGIONAL STATE(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) OMER IDRIS HABIBbovine cysticercosis is the infection of the cattle intermediate host with the metacestode (larval stage) residing in the muscle while taeniosis is the infection of the human ultimate host with the adult tapeworm which develops in the intestinal lumen. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, public health and economic importance and community awarness in and around halaba kulito town, Central Ethiopia Regional State. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted from January to june 2023 on cattle slaughtered at Halaba Kulito municipal abattoir. Retrospective surveys of patients’ demographic data and the results of five years of stool examination were also collected from the diagnostic laboratory record book at Halaba Kulito General Hospital and Health Center. Questionnaire surveys were also used for assessing community awareness of knowledge, attitude, and practice, exposure risk factors, and treatment trends. A retrospective five-year inventory of pharmaceutical drug shops was also assessed. Out of 439 cattle examined, 21(4.8%) were found to be infected with various numbers of Cysticercus bovis in different organs. The prevalence of Cysticercus bovis was significantly associated with age categories (χ2=7.12 p<0.05) while other factors namely (origin, sex, breed and body conditions) did not show an association as predictors. Out of 21 infected cattle, the highest proportion of the Cysticercus bovis cysts were observed in the tongue 7(33.3%), followed by heart 5(23.8%), masseter muscles 3(14.3%), liver 3(14.3%), shoulder 2(9.5%) and lung 1(4.8%). A retrospective data of 40,993 stool examined patients in the five years, 112(0.27%) were found positive for Taenia saginata eggs. Moreover, out of 100 voluntarily interviewed respondents in and surrounding Halaba Kulito town, 64 (64%) had been infected by tapeworm. Data on drug utilization obtained from pharmaceutical shops revealed a total dose of 379,707 taenicidal drugs with a total cost of 2,823,766.5 ETB or (48,685.5 USD) was estimated on average within five years for the treatment of taeniasis in the study area. The results of the present study show that cysticercosis/taeniosis are important both in economic and public health aspects which need great attention. Therefore integrated community-based control and prevention strategies including creating awerness for the society to use latrine, avoid consumption of raw meat, and provide strict meat inspection services are highly recommended.Item ISOLATION, MOLECULAR DETECTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SALMONELLA FROM COW MILK AND BEEF IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSTY, 2023-10) TARIKU GEINORO ALLEYOSalmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases and frequently reported for exacerbating increase of multi-drug resistance worldwide. Unhygienic practices throughout food chain and cultural habits of raw animal products contributed for the expansion of the infection and increment in antimicrobial resistance especially in developing world like Ethiopia. A cross- sectional type of study was conducted from December, 2022 to June, 2023. The study was aimed with isolation, molecular detection and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella from cow milk and beef in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Wondo Genet districts of Sidama Regional State. A total of 216 samples of which 152 milk and 64 beef samples were collected with purposive and simple random sampling methods for isolation and biochemical identification of Salmonella. Positive isolates obtained from bacteriological and biochemical tests were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the isolate’s antimicrobial susceptibility profile was tested by using disk diffusion method for twelve selected antimicrobials. SPSS windows version 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. Fisher’s exact test was the measure of association of isolates with different attributes. Bacteriological and biochemical detection tests revealed that 6.5% (N=14/216) Salmonella was isolated from the total sample. However, in molecular detection, only 9 of the 14 isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella using PCR test, which was 4.17% of the total. The proportion was 5.38%, 3.23%, and 2.38% in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Wondo Genet districts, respectively. There was no significant variation in prevalence among the districts and between sample types milk (3.9%) and beef (4.7%) (p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant (p > 0.05) variation was observed in the Salmonella isolation rate among retailers (4.84%), households (5.56%) and farms (1.85%) as well as between yoghurt (6.45%) and raw (3.31%) milk. The result of the antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that Salmonella isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin and cephalothin while they were above 50% sensitive to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamycin. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was demonstrated in all isolates. Overall, this study showed that Salmonella was prevalent in cow milk and beef produced and consumed; and developed MDR which may pose public health concern in the study area. Thus, subsequent regular investigations on serotypes, AMR genes and risk factors as well as rational use of antimicrobials is necessary.Item PREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS, AND ISOLATION OF MAJOR BACTERIAL CAUSES OF MASTITIS IN LACTATING COWS IN DARA DISTRICT SIDAMA REGIONAL-STATE, ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) ZERIHUN SHABULAMastitis is one of the most significant diseases of dairy cattle worldwide. It causes major economic losses as it adversely affects animal health, degrades milk quality and quantity and impairs public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to June 2023 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, assess the associated risk factors and isolate major bacterial pathogens in lactating cows in Dara district, Sidama-Ethiopia. A total of 380 lactating cows were examined to detect mastitis using clinical examination, CMT test and bacteriological methods. Stata software version-14 was used to perform statistical analysis. An overall prevalence of mastitis in this study was 24.2% (95% CI: 20.1-28.8) with 21% subclinical and 3.2% clinical mastitis at cow level and 11.3% (95% CI: 9.4-13.4) with 9.5% subclinical and 1.8% clinical mastitis at quarter level. From observed risk factors breed, parity, management system, dry cow therapy, washing udder and milking mastitic cow last showed significant association (p<0.05) with the occurrence of mastitis in the multivariable logistic regression model. From milk samples cultured for bacteriological examination, S. aureus (32, 40.5%) followed by Streptococcus species (20, 25.3%), Coagulase negative staphylococci (133, 16.5%), E. coli (11, 13.9%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3, 3.8%) were found to be the dominant bacterial isolates. The study revealed that mastitis is a significant problem for dairy cows, public health, and economy in the study area. Based on the study findings, improving the awareness of dairy farmers on the impact of mastitis, developing the hygienic status of cows and materials, and using of dry cow therapy are recommended as possible solutions for the prevention and control of mastitis.Item SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND TSETSE FLY DENSITY IN ZALA DISTRICT, GOFA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) TONE TOKA TOKOSSABovine trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease causing serious economic losses in livestock productivity and agricultural development. However, the seasonal information of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly density is very limited in many parts of the country including the southern rift valley of the country, particularly in Gofa Zone. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess tsetse fly apparent density in Zala district. For the parasitological study, a total of 560 animals (280 in each season) were examined for trypanosomosis by using buffy coat technique. For the entomological survey, 80 NGU traps odour-baited with acetone were deployed in watering and grazing points in which the animals and vector are believed to have frequent contact. An overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 6.96%, of which 4.28% and 9.64% accounted for the dry and wet season, respectively. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was significantly higher during the wet season (OR = 2.38; p < 0.05), in black and black spotted coat colour (OR = 4.61, p < 0.05) and poor body conditioned (OR = 4.55; p < 0.05) animals. Two species of trypanosomes, Trypanosome congolense, 87.18% and Trypanosome vivax, 12.82% were circulating in the area both in dry and wet season. The mean PCV value in infected animals (20.89 ± 4.04) was significantly lower than in non-infected animals (22.9 ± 6.32 %). The entomological study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as G. pallidipes and two species of other biting flies, Stomoxys and Tabanus were distributed in the study area. From all traps deployed in both wet and dry season of the study district, a total of 564 tsetse and other biting flies were caught of which, 56.9% belongs to G. pallidipes and 43.1% were other biting flies. Overall apparent densities of G. pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 1.38 and 1 flies/trap/day, respectively. Relatively, higher Glossina/trap/day caught in the wet season, (1.78 flies/trap/day) than in the dry season (1 flies/trap/day). Therefore, bovine trypanosomosis is one of the major impediments to livestock development and a potential threat to health and productivity of cattle in Zala district. Hence, the tsetse and trypanosomosis control scheme in tsetse infested areas of the district should be strengthened in coordinated manner to minimize the burden of the disease.Item SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND VECTOR DYNAMICS IN SELECTED SITES OF WESTERN SIDAMA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) SAIFEMICHAEL USHECHOTrypanosomosis is a serious and often fatal disease of livestocks mainly in the rural poor community and rightfully considered as a root cause of poverty in the country. The temporal information about the prevalences of trypanosomosis and apparent density of flies are crucial for the design and implementation of the appropraite prevention and control measures. Therefore, the objectives of this repeated cross-sectional study conducted from December 2022 to October 2023 in selected sites of Western Sidama, Southern Ethiopia was to estimate the seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the apparent density of flies in the study area. A total of 480 systematically selected cattle from Chirecha, Fokabadelecha, and Tulito Kebeles were sampled in the dry and wet seasons of the study period. To estimate Trypanosoma infection, the buffy coat technique was used on blood samples collected from the marginal ear vein of the cattle. Out of the 480 cattle, 30 were found positive for trypanosomosis, resulting an overall prevalence of 6.3% (95% CI: 4.4-8.8; OR: 1.54). The wet season showed a relatively higher prevalence (7.5%, 95% CI: 4.8-11.6) than the dry season (5.0%, 95% CI: 2.9-8.6), although the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence was significantly higher in Chirecha Kebele (12.0%, 95% CI: 8.1-17.4; OR: 6.4) and in black-coated cattle (19.4%, 95% CI: 9.4-35.8; OR: 6.84) (p<0.05). Two species of Trypanosoma, T. congolense (80%) and T. vivax (20%), were identified. The hematological finding found significantly lower mean PCV values in parasitemic animals (21.1±3.39) than aparasitemic animals (26.30±5.23). Out of 256 total flies caught by using 40NGU traps in the dry and wet seasons, 79(30.9%) were G. pallidipes, 56(21.9%) were Tabanus, and 121(47.2%) were stomoxys. The overall apparent density of G. pallidipes was 0.99 f/t/d with relatively higher density in the wet (1.95f/t/d) than the dry (0.025f/t/d) season. In conclusion, the study revealed bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors are widespread in the study area. To reduce the prevalence of trypanosomosis, particularly in high-risk areas such as Chirecha Kebele and black-coated cattles, control measures such as the use of traps, targets, deltamethrin, and trypanocidal drugs should be consolidated.Item MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATE OF LAMBS AND KIDS; ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN DALOCHA WEREDA, SILTE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) REDWAN ANWAR MOHAMMEDLamb and kid morbidity and mortality are serious constraints in the success of small ruminant production. Thus, the current study was carried out with the objective to estimate the incidences of lamb/kid morbidity and mortality, and identify the major associated risk factors responsible for the two (morbidity and mortality), in the study area. Cross-sectional survey and then prospective cohort study were employed from 10 February to 10 May 2023. A total of 130 (74 lambs and 56 kids) were recruited by simple random sampling method. During the survey, those target farmers (130) were interviewed to get flock level health and overall management related data. Most farmers (64%) replied that lamb/kid mortality was a common problem in their flock in which neonates (44%) were more frequently died age groups probably due to starvation (48%) followed by unknown causes (20%), disease (13%), predator (12%) and finally accident (7%)(flood and animal kick). In the present study, overall incidences of kid/lamb morbidity and mortality were 22.31% and 10% respectively. Mortality was higher in males (69.23%)(males may be more susceptible to pathogens) compared to females (30.77%), but the inverse is true for morbidity (41.38% and 58.62%, respectively)(males may be more competent in suckling). Slightly higher deaths of lambs/kids were seen in Golecheba Kebele (38.46%) than the rest two kebeles (Wanjashola and Enqatagam) with similar figure of 30.77%. However, smaller morbidity was recorded in case of Wanjashola kebele (27.58%) than the two. Most frequently encountered health events were emaciation/malnutrition, diarrhea and pneumonia/respiratory problem. Accident and circling disease were the least important ones. Multivariable Cox regression analysis xii revealed statistically significant association (p<0.05) for age, health events, litter size, species and skm (interaction factor) with morbidity, while age, health events, colostrum feeding and skm with mortality in which health disorders were risk of both morbidity and mortality, but age was not (protective factor). The outcome of the study showed that knowhow of when and how lamb/kid morbidity and/or mortality occur could be helpful and to reduce them, proper management of lambs/kids particularly at early age is imperative.Item SERO-PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS IN BACKYARD CHICKENS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) DEMEKE HAILU TEWOLDEMEDHINInfectious laryngotracheitis is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory viral disease of chickens, clinically characterized by inflammation and hemorrhage of the larynx and trachea with a significant economic impact on poultry industry globally. This cross sectional study was conducted between December, 2022 and May, 2 0 2 3 using multistage cluster sampling technique to estimate the sero- prevalence of ILTV and identify potential risk factors in backyard chickens in selected districts of southern Ethiopia. Sample size was determined using a method recommended by Thrusfield (2018) for estimating the total number of households when the average sample size per household is fixed. A total of 240 serum samples were collected from chickens in 240 households and screened using an indirect ELISA test kit (IDvet, ID Screen® ILT, ILTS ver 0416 GB) to estimate the household-level sero-prevalence of ILTV. To this end, data were generated using a semi-structured questionnaire and serological screening. The overall household level sero-prevalence was 27.9% (95% CI: 22.6% – 34.0%). The highest prevalence was recorded in the midland agro-ecologic zone 32.9% (95% CI: 23.8% - 43.6%) followed by the lowland 28% (95% CI: 19.0% - 39.2%) and the highland 22.5% (95% CI: 14.6% – 33.0%). Among the hypothesized risk factors, namely, location (district/kebele), agro-ecology, age, sex, breed and flock size, only age and flock size were identified as potential risk factors for ILTV prevalence in backyard chickens (p < 0.05). In line with this, the prevalence was high in adult birds (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3 - 5.2) and among birds in larger flock (OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3 - 8.0). The study also indicated that the backyard chicken husbandry practice was highly risky in the transmission and maintenance of ILTV due to poor biosecurity and management practices. Thus, this study suggests the disease is prevalent in the study area and demands control intervention.Item THE SATISFACTION OF FOOTBALL SPECTATORS IN MALE FOOTBALL CLUBS OF SIDAMA REGION IN ETHIOPIA PREMIER LEAGUE(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) ABUSH ASSEFAFootball is one of the most popular games in the world, which is not simply played by the teams for entertainment only; it’s played because of its biggest role in terms of once economy, politics, social advantage. The purpose of this study was to assess the satisfaction of football spectators in male football clubs of Sidama Region in Ethiopia premier league. The study sought to assess were mainly focused on the current level of spectator satisfaction in terms of team performance, Desire of spectators to Stay at the stadium, Space allocation of play field, Facility parking, Facility aesthetics, seat comfort, Layout accessibility and team management. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to implement the study. To realize the objective of the study simple random sampling method was implemented. To do so, a sample of 382 respondents was selected from the existing 8,600 spectators of the clubs depending up on Taro Yamane’s formula which is comprised of spectators of Ethiopia premier league participant male football clubs of Sidama Region (Sidama Buna and Hawassa City Football Clubs). A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was analyzed and summarized through descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages. Data presentation was carried out by tables. The variables' relationship was tested using the Chi-Square and logistic regression test at p < 0.05 level of association/agreement using SPSS 26. On the current status of satisfaction level of spectator, the findings revealed that the “consistent performance of the team, available enough walkways”, were viewed by a high proportion of the respondents as associated in determinant of satisfaction level of spectator. Regarding the major hindering factor, respondents identified the following problem, lack of advanced ticket selling system, lack of regulation number of spectator, and lack of communication among staff members are the major hindering factors to spectator satisfaction level. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the management of the club should give special consideration on the determinant of spectator satisfaction, and staff enforcement, to improve to high -level satisfaction. Further studies on identifying satisfaction level need to be carried out in other sports in EthiopiaItem THE PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES OF SPORTS EQUIPMENTMARKET IN SIDAMA REGION, ETHIOPIA(HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) MILKIAS GEBRESports Equipment Market has become one of the leading industries in the world that improves social, economic, cultural and mental development of individuals and the society as a whole. Descriptive survey method was used to conduct this study. Both qualitative and quantitative approach implemented. From the total of 320 subjects, a sample of 48 individuals was selected as subjects of the study. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used. The data gathering instruments such as questionnaire, structured interview an observation was used to collect data from respondents. Frequency distribution, percentage, and the mean value were used to organize data in tables. The major results of the study revealed that the current sports equipment market practice was very weak. Some of the major challenges were, lack of product distribution challenges confirmed by 66.7% of respondents, 90% of respondents replied that the price of sport equipment was not affordable, 75% of athletes and 100% of coaches confirmed there was shortage of shopping centers, 100% of respondents replied there was lack of local manufacturers or whole sellers, 83.3% replied quality of sport equipment was low, 100% of respondents replied sport equipment were inaccessible in all areas of the region, 83.3% of respondents confirmed there existed mismatch of demand and supply, majority of respondents confirmed that stakeholders were not involved actively in the market. On the basis of the results of the study, the researcher concluded that there has been a shortage of sports equipment because of limited number of retailers in the region, the products were not easily accessible for all ball games, most equipment were only for football players with low quality, the price of the products was expensive for customers and have led them not to purchase frequently, the shortage of whole sellers or manufacturers had been one of the challenges for adequate distribution of sports equipment in the region. Finally, recommendations were forwarded by the researcher based on the major results of the study so that the sport industry could be improved through the market accessibility of sports equipment in Sidama region and the country as well. For example: supplying and supporting local manufacturers. Noticing brand cost, durability and quality. All stakeholders should work for the availability of sports equipment, improvement of marketing strategies and opportunities.