College of Natural and Computational Sciences

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The College of Natural and Computational Sciences advances education, research, and innovation in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, and computational disciplines.

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Southern Ethiopia

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    SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND TSETSE FLY DENSITY IN ZALA DISTRICT, GOFA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) TONE TOKA TOKOSSA
    Bovine trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease causing serious economic losses in livestock productivity and agricultural development. However, the seasonal information of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly density is very limited in many parts of the country including the southern rift valley of the country, particularly in Gofa Zone. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess tsetse fly apparent density in Zala district. For the parasitological study, a total of 560 animals (280 in each season) were examined for trypanosomosis by using buffy coat technique. For the entomological survey, 80 NGU traps odour-baited with acetone were deployed in watering and grazing points in which the animals and vector are believed to have frequent contact. An overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 6.96%, of which 4.28% and 9.64% accounted for the dry and wet season, respectively. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was significantly higher during the wet season (OR = 2.38; p < 0.05), in black and black spotted coat colour (OR = 4.61, p < 0.05) and poor body conditioned (OR = 4.55; p < 0.05) animals. Two species of trypanosomes, Trypanosome congolense, 87.18% and Trypanosome vivax, 12.82% were circulating in the area both in dry and wet season. The mean PCV value in infected animals (20.89 ± 4.04) was significantly lower than in non-infected animals (22.9 ± 6.32 %). The entomological study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as G. pallidipes and two species of other biting flies, Stomoxys and Tabanus were distributed in the study area. From all traps deployed in both wet and dry season of the study district, a total of 564 tsetse and other biting flies were caught of which, 56.9% belongs to G. pallidipes and 43.1% were other biting flies. Overall apparent densities of G. pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 1.38 and 1 flies/trap/day, respectively. Relatively, higher Glossina/trap/day caught in the wet season, (1.78 flies/trap/day) than in the dry season (1 flies/trap/day). Therefore, bovine trypanosomosis is one of the major impediments to livestock development and a potential threat to health and productivity of cattle in Zala district. Hence, the tsetse and trypanosomosis control scheme in tsetse infested areas of the district should be strengthened in coordinated manner to minimize the burden of the disease.
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    SERO-PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS IN BACKYARD CHICKENS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, 2023-10) DEMEKE HAILU TEWOLDEMEDHIN
    Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory viral disease of chickens, clinically characterized by inflammation and hemorrhage of the larynx and trachea with a significant economic impact on poultry industry globally. This cross sectional study was conducted between December, 2022 and May, 2 0 2 3 using multistage cluster sampling technique to estimate the sero- prevalence of ILTV and identify potential risk factors in backyard chickens in selected districts of southern Ethiopia. Sample size was determined using a method recommended by Thrusfield (2018) for estimating the total number of households when the average sample size per household is fixed. A total of 240 serum samples were collected from chickens in 240 households and screened using an indirect ELISA test kit (IDvet, ID Screen® ILT, ILTS ver 0416 GB) to estimate the household-level sero-prevalence of ILTV. To this end, data were generated using a semi-structured questionnaire and serological screening. The overall household level sero-prevalence was 27.9% (95% CI: 22.6% – 34.0%). The highest prevalence was recorded in the midland agro-ecologic zone 32.9% (95% CI: 23.8% - 43.6%) followed by the lowland 28% (95% CI: 19.0% - 39.2%) and the highland 22.5% (95% CI: 14.6% – 33.0%). Among the hypothesized risk factors, namely, location (district/kebele), agro-ecology, age, sex, breed and flock size, only age and flock size were identified as potential risk factors for ILTV prevalence in backyard chickens (p < 0.05). In line with this, the prevalence was high in adult birds (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3 - 5.2) and among birds in larger flock (OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3 - 8.0). The study also indicated that the backyard chicken husbandry practice was highly risky in the transmission and maintenance of ILTV due to poor biosecurity and management practices. Thus, this study suggests the disease is prevalent in the study area and demands control intervention.