Water Resource
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Item GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: A CASE STUDY IN MANTHA WATERSHED, OMO-GIBE RIVER BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-05-27) ZERIHUN ZENEBE JEBULAIn the current study area, the demand for groundwater is increasing. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of this study was to map groundwater potential zones in Mantha watershed using geographic information system and remote sensing. Ten groundwater controlling factors (geology, rainfall, lineament, soil, land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, and distance to river, elevation, and drainage density) were used to map the groundwater potential zones of the study watershed using remote sensing data. Among these, three layers (geology, geomorphology, and soil) of the study watershed were extracted from existing data, and five layers (slope, drainage density, elevation, lineament, and distance to river) were developed using DEM of 30m*30m spatial resolution. 20 years precipitation data obtained from National meteorology Agency of Ethiopia were converted into areal rainfall using inverse distance weight interpolation method integrated with ArcGIS 10.8 to develop rainfall layer of the study watershed. Landsat8 of the year 2020 was used to map the land use/land cover of the study watershed using supervised image classification with maximum likelihood algorism in ERDAS 2015. Then, all thematic layers were reclassified using literatures and Jenks methods and finally rated in analytical hierarchy process. The results of ten thematic layers data rated in in analytical hierarchy process indicated that the most dominant thematic layers that hold high weight relative to others were- geology (28%), rainfall (16.6%), lineament density (12.9%), and soil (10.3%). Groundwater potential map of the study watershed was obtained by using weights derived from AHP and overlay analysis conducted in arc GIS10.8_ platform. There were four groundwater potential zones mapped in the Mantha watershed, namely, very high, high, moderate, and low. The map result was verified by well data and the result showed strong agreement in each category with 85.7%, 83.33%, 90%, and 100% respectively. The finding of this study indicates that the geographic information system and remote sensing model approach are reliable and can be a reliable prospecting method of groundwater potential zoneItem ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES USING QUAL2Kw MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF TIKUR WUHA RIVER; HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-26) YARED TEMESGENRiver water pollution is caused by both natural and artificial activity, such as waste generated from urban area and agricultural lands. The water quality model using QUAL2Kw was conducted to assess the water quality status of Tikur Wuha River and pollution control strategies in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Water samples from this river were collected on March 2023 at different monitoring stations along the river, and their quality was analyzed. The study result indicated that all the measured parameters satisfied the guidelines of the WHO and Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia except BOD5, TSS, and PO4 -3 in the study period. The concentration of DO were meet the permissible limit and two sampling station were below the minimum limit. The measured water quality of the river was appropriate for agricultural activity at all sampling points. The model was applied to simulate the water quality parameters such as flow rate, water temperature, EC, DO, BOD5, pH, TSS, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, and phosphate. The model represented the measured data quite well with some exception. In this study, a stream water quality model, Q2Kw, was used to predict the river water quality using the data collected in dry season. The results from the calibrated model indicate that the model was able to appropriately predict the pollution of the river with |PBAIS| and R 2 values of 1.02% (0.999), (0.65), 8.87% (0.6), and 0.71%, respectively, for temperature, DO, EC, and pH. The model can be applied successfully to generate future scenarios for the study area and applicable to assess the effect of various pollution controls and supporting in-stream measures on key water quality parameters. In general, the study results indicate that proper waste management should be adopted to prevent the continued deterioration and improve the water quality condition of the Tikur Wuha RiverItem COMPARISON OF SWAT AND WEPP FOR MODELING ANNUAL RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD AND QUANTIFCATION OF NUTRENT LOSS IN AGEWU MARIYAM WATERSHED, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2022-10-22) YALELET ABIE WORKUUnevenly heavy rainstorms during the rainy season create runoff and soil erosion which affects soil fertility and production, especially in northern Ethiopia. In this study soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and geographic water erosion prediction project (GeoWEPP) were applied to compare estimation of annual runoff and sediment yield and quantification of nutrient loss in Agewu-Maryam watersheds eastern Amhara, region, Ethiopia. To run both models, need spatial and temporal data distribution is required as an input. The soil textures and other selected soil properties were determined in the field and the laboratory and a soil map were derived from the digital soil map of the world. A land-use map was prepared based on manually digitizing from Google earth image. A Digital Elevation Model of the watershed was used for delineating the watershed and preparing a slope map. ArcGIS 10.4 was used for both models for basic interface for further analysis. During each runoff event, runoff samples were collected and the sediment concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. The simulation result of long-term (24-year) average means annual runoff and sediment yield from WEPP and SWAT models were estimated. The results were performed well as indicated by R 2 0.86 and 0.91 and with NSE 0.54 and 0.71 for monthly runoff were satisfactory for SWAT and WEPP models compared with observed value respectively The estimated average mean annual runoff and sediment yield at the outlet of the watershed was 65.54mm and 146.14mm and 43t/ha/yr and 41.7t/ha/yr respectively for WEPP and SWAT models. The t statics result shows that there is no statistically significant difference with p-value (0.97 for runoff and 0.98 for sediment) between the two models' simulation results. Some of the Sub watershed were identified and prioritized as more susceptible to soil erosion and give more attention first to this area for reducing runoff and soil erosion. The total nutrients loss within the suspended sediment were 33.74kg/ha/yr N,6.79kg/ha/yr P, 642.5 OM kg/ha/yr, and 1.52 K for the watershed. Hence SWAT and WEPP models were well suited for the estimation of annual runoff and sediment yield. The sediment yield simulated from both models was high which was alarming and far beyond the soil loss tolerable rate. Therefore, the result of the model could be used as a decision-making toolItem ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON STREAM FLOW AND FUTURE PREDICTIONS OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGES OF BELES SUB-BASIN, UPPER BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-08-22) TSEGA MOGESLanduse and land cover change drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human, and it can undermine environmental health. Studying impact of landuse/land cover changes on the stream flow is very important for proper basin management. Hence this study investigated the past and potential future land cover changes, and the impact of the past on the stream flow of Beles Sub-Basin using using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To analyze the change that in the study area, satellite images were downloaded for 1987, 2002, and 2019 years and processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014. Then using supervised image classification, the satellite images were classified to agriculture, wetland, forest, shrub land, and urban land. Accuracy assessment was done, and overall accuracy of 86.25%, 88.7% and 87.9%, were achieved for the classified images of 1987, 2002 and 2019 respectively. The net changes of landuse/land cover of the study area from 1987 to 2019 indicated that forest, shrub land and wet land decreased by 4.73%, 10.59%, and 1.10%, respectively, while Agriculture, and Urban, increased by 14.18%, and 2.24%, respectively. The future LULCs of 2035 and 2055 were projected by IDRISI (CA Markov method), and the result indicated an increase of Agriculture 10.94%, Urban 44.04%, where as forest -12.63%, shrub land -11.35%, and wetland -43.61% decreased. Ten parameters identified to be sensitive for the stream flow. Model calibration was carried out using observed stream flow data from (1989-2010) and The validation was performed from (2011-2019). Both results showed good match between measured and simulated stream flow data with R 2 and ENS achieved 0.80, 0.74 for calibration and 0.64, 0.78 for validation respectively. Due to LULCC, the mean annual Stream flow increased by 3.04m3 /s from 1987-2002, and, 2.83m3 /s from 2002-2019 and seasonal flow increased by 12.05m 3 /s, and 5.49m 3 /s in the wet season, while increased and decreased by 2.13m 3 /s and -2.78m 3 /s respectively in the dry season. The surface runoff increased, while groundwater flow decreased from 1987 to 2002 and from the year 2002 to 2019 the mean monthly stream flow increased by 23.29m3 /s for the wet months while for the dry months decreased by 6.31m3 /s. The Stream flow change to different predefined study years indicates LULCC has significant impacts on the stream flow of the study area. To mitigate LULCC, local and national officials in the Beles Sub-Basin should be invited to develop and implement scientific and suitable planning and management plansItem ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON STREAM FLOW AND FUTURE PREDICTIONS OF LANDUSE/LAND COVER CHANGES OF BELES SUB-BASIN, UPPER BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-08-22) TSEGA MOGESLanduse and land cover change drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human, and it can undermine environmental health. Studying impact of landuse/land cover changes on the stream flow is very important for proper basin management. Hence this study investigated the past and potential future land cover changes, and the impact of the past on the stream flow of Beles Sub-Basin using using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To analyze the change that in the study area, satellite images were downloaded for 1987, 2002, and 2019 years and processed using ERDAS Imagine 2014. Then using supervised image classification, the satellite images were classified to agriculture, wetland, forest, shrub land, and urban land. Accuracy assessment was done, and overall accuracy of 86.25%, 88.7% and 87.9%, were achieved for the classified images of 1987, 2002 and 2019 respectively. The net changes of landuse/land cover of the study area from 1987 to 2019 indicated that forest, shrub land and wet land decreased by 4.73%, 10.59%, and 1.10%, respectively, while Agriculture, and Urban, increased by 14.18%, and 2.24%, respectively. The future LULCs of 2035 and 2055 were projected by IDRISI (CA Markov method), and the result indicated an increase of Agriculture 10.94%, Urban 44.04%, where as forest -12.63%, shrub land -11.35%, and wetland -43.61% decreased. Ten parameters identified to be sensitive for the stream flow. Model calibration was carried out using observed stream flow data from (1989-2010) and The validation was performed from (2011-2019). Both results showed good match between measured and simulated stream flow data with R 2 and ENS achieved 0.80, 0.74 for calibration and 0.64, 0.78 for validation respectively. Due to LULCC, the mean annual Stream flow increased by 3.04m3 /s from 1987-2002, and, 2.83m3 /s from 2002-2019 and seasonal flow increased by 12.05m 3 /s, and 5.49m 3 /s in the wet season, while increased and decreased by 2.13m 3 /s and -2.78m 3 /s respectively in the dry season. The surface runoff increased, while groundwater flow decreased from 1987 to 2002 and from the year 2002 to 2019 the mean monthly stream flow increased by 23.29m3 /s for the wet months while for the dry months decreased by 6.31m3 /s. The Stream flow change to different predefined study years indicates LULCC has significant impacts on the stream flow of the study area. To mitigate LULCC, local and national officials in the Beles Sub-Basin should be invited to develop and implement scientific and suitable planning and management plansItem PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: CASE STUDY OF GORDAMA AREA, ALETA WONDO WOREDA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-25) HABTE THOMAS ABRAHAMUnplanned water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. This research was conducted to carry out the assessment of the water distribution network of Gordama area existing water supply system which is located in Aleta Wondo Woreda of Sidama Region of Ethiopia. To examine the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network, water GEMs modeling was adopted. Accordingly, different reviewed reports, percentage of Non-Revenue for water, and discussions with water service personnel were conducted to collect and analyze water losses. The result showed that the current maximum water demand in Gordama is estimated at 5`11.06 m3/day, while small reservoirs capacity and low pump efficiency were observed in the area water distribution networks. According to simulated results; maximum pressure heads were examined 329.39m and 112.78m on conveyance and main distributions lines respectively. But minimum pressure heads were computed 2.30m and 0 m on the two types of lines. Further, the analyzed water losses result in Gordama area indicates that about 19.5% was Non-Revenue Water. However physical and apparent losses contributed small amount as compared with non-revenue loss. Apparent losses cover 8.84% of total loss and 10.66 % was physical losses. Accordingly, for the case of Gordama community non-revenue losses are more significant; Most of residences were not satisfied on the Gordama area. In general, rising in water demand, small capacities of existing infrastructures and large volume of water loss leads to intermittent water distribution in Gordama area water service. Therefore, it is significant to rehabilitate and improve the water distribution system capacities and provide more attention to water losses reduction policies and strategies as appropriate intervention measures.Item DETERMINANTSOF COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RURAL AREA OF BORICHA WOREDA, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-26) GENET ZENEBE HAILEClean water is an essential element for human health, wellbeing, and prosperity. Everyhuman being has the right to access safe drinking water. But, nowadays, due to rapid population growth, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; people around the world face a problem of water scarcity. This study aimed to identify the determinants of coverage and quality of potable water supply and sanitation in rural area of Boricha woreda, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia.A community-based cross-sectional study was carried in 2022 from four rural kebeles. 13water samples were taken forphysico-chemical and bacteriological parameters analysis,Data collection samples were selected randomly to each kebeles’ households. MS Excel and stata-14 were used to enter and analyze the data.85 households were selected from Four kebele by systematic sampling methods; from which 71(83.53%) men and 14(16.47%) were women. Based on the study undertaken, 79.41% of households used improved and 20.59 % of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Household’s drinking water sources are significantly associated with age of the household head, educational level, hand washing facilities, defecation, the availability latrine, treatment method, cause of quality potable water and perception of the household head factors were significantly determining the sanitation with the drinking water sources.The average values physic-chemical parameters Temperature 20.98°C Turbidity 1.29 NTU, PH 6.65-6.08,Electro conductivity 400.11 μs/cm, Phosphate 4.07 mg/l, Total hardness 105.16 mg/l, Nitrate 3.37 mg/l and Chloride 5.28 mg/l. The average values Bacteriological parameters of drinking water in study area: Total coliform 23.25 cfu and Feacal coliform 3.17cfu the point of consumption and storage respectively. In terms of physic chemical parameter of drinking water: PH, total dissolved solid, electro conductivity, total hardness and nitrate values; are at allowable level comparing with WHO guide line. On other hand; the mean values of temperature, iron and fluoride were much greater than WHO guideline value. I conclude that, according to the finding access of quality drinking water coverage is very low and scarcity to meet the demands of the community.Item "GROUNDWATER QUALITY MAPPING AND CHARACTERISTICS AQUIFER: A CASE STUDY IN KOLA RIVER WATERSHED, GIDABO SUB BASIN, SIDAMA REGION ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-24) TESFAHUN BAYU CHERNETThis research assessed the groundwater quality mapping and characterized aquifers in the Kola River Watershed. Two methodologies, ArcGIS-based and the Aquifer Test 3v methodology, were employed to achieve these objectives. Data were collected from completion reports of wells, springs, shallow wells, and boreholes within the study area. Laboratory tests were conducted on water samples collected from various sources to analyze physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulfate nitrate, bicarbonate, fluoride, iron, and chloride.These parameters provided insights into the quality and composition of the groundwater.The Water Quality Index (WQI) method was applied to evaluate the water samples and quantify the overall water quality and evaluate by piper digram categorize water types. Kola River Watershed is characterized by a diverse range of tertiary volcanic rocks, including ignimbrite, basalt, trachyte basalt, rhyolite, and scoria basalt. The water quality assessment in the study area found elevated iron concentrations and high turbidity levels in some boreholes, exceeding the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO).The Water Quality Index (WQI) results, a small percentage (0.72%) of groundwater samples in the study area were classified as excellent or good quality. However, a significant proportion (4.0037%) of samples fell into the category of good quality, and an additional portion (4.77%) were classified as very poor quality. The majority of groundwater samples (90.50%) were deemed unfit for drinking purposes.three water type so were beserved: CaHCO3 with low TDS, mixed CaNaHCO3 and NaCaHCO3 with moderate TDS, and NaHCO3 with high TDS. in the aquifer system of the Kola River Watershed, there are aquifers classified as moderately productive and mixed porous and fissured aquifers of moderate productivity.In a particular part, high hydraulic conductivity (K) values of 3.47 m/d, transmissivity (T) of 207 m2/d, and specific capacity (Sr) of 1.44 were recorded. In the central part, K ranged from 0.376 to 1.81 m/d, T ranged from 15.5 to 68.2 m2/d, and Sr ranged from 0.00127 to 0.461. In the lower part of the study area, K ranged from 0.135 to 10.2 m/d, T ranged from 7.27 to 10.7 m2/d, and Sr ranged from 0.00042 to 0.0374Item GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUIFERS IN GUDER RIVER WATERSHED, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa Inversity, 2023-10-13) TEMESGEN AYANO SEDISOGroundwater quality problems and improper management of aquifer either from geogenic or anthropogenic sources has become a thing of health concern and aquifer damage in Guder River Watershed, Southern Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess groundwater quality and characterize the aquifer. In order to assess the water quality, 30 groundwater samples were gathered and examined for 17 parameters such as pH, temperature, EC, TDS, TH, K+ , Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl- , HCO3 - , CO3 2- , SO4 2- , F- , PO4 2- and NO3 - . The research depend on secondary and primary data which was collected from SWWCE, SDCSE, SNNPRWMEB and HZWMED, literature, journals and reports,and field observation on site. The chemical parameters were analyzed and water quality index was determined. To characterize the aquifer of the study area pumping test data, well completion reports, well logs and geology of the area were analyzed. The chemical analysis concentration of the pH, EC, TDS, Na+ , HCO3 - and F shows an increasing trend from the highland water toward the rift floor water along the groundwater flow path. In this regard, water quality indices were considered for drinking and irrigation purposes. Finally, the analytical results were taken to generate the numerical spatial distribution of parameters using geographic information system (GIS) environment. Results of groundwater quality assessment and aquifer characterization show that Ca2+ and HCO3 - are the main cation and anion in the groundwater, respectively. According to the results of the drinking water quality index showed that groundwater sampling were classified 70% as excellent, 27% as good, 3% as poor, and 0% as very poor and unfit for drinking purposes. In addition, Irrigation water quality index illustrated that 100% samplings were placed in the “good” and “ excellent” class. The pumping tests analysis results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the study area ranges from 1.26 x 10-5 -4.39 x 100 m/sec and transmissivity were 1.16 x 10-3 -7.71 x 10-2 m 2 /sec this indicates that the productivity of the wells in the watershed ranges from low to high productivity from high land water. In general, the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity decreases radially from the center of Boyo plain towards the periphery of the area. The findings of this study was not only useful for understanding of groundwater sustainability for different purposes but also useful for supporting water management and protection in the futureItem MODELING OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES FOR WATER ALLOCATION: A CASE STUDY IN UPPER GIDABO WATERSHED, GIDABO SUB BASIN, ETHIOPIA(Hawassa University, 2023-10-28) TAMIRAT SHUKE KITAWAThe processes of population increase, urbanization, industrialization, and dependency ratio has resulted in a rapid demand increase for water resources in the developing world. Water managers in the watershed of the developing world face the increasingly difficult task of allocating the limited water resources among competing users for fulfilling their demands due to difference in available resources and water demand increment. Water resources management has limited in the Upper Gidabo watershed and there is traditional water allocation are vastly practiced. This was due to lack of sufficient awareness about available water resources and management in watersheds. Understanding the potential and use of surface water in upper Gidabo would help to increase the productivity of Agriculture and other sectors, to improve the traditional water management system. Therefore the objective of this study was to Modeling of surface water resources for water allocation under developed scenarios for maximizing overall benefits without compromising ecological requirements in the Upper Gidabo watershed in Gidabo sub basin. To achieve the aim of this study soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to determine the available surface water resources of the watershed after sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the model by SWAT_CUP sufi-2 algorithm. The simulated result revealed that the total average surface water potential from the watershed was 773.5 MCM annually during the study period (2021). Both the calibration and validation result for Aposto and kolla gauging station showed a good performance with a value of R2 and NSE of 0.83 and 0.65 for calibration and 0.81 and 0.6 for validation in Aposto and 0.79 and 0.62 for calibration and 0.78 and 0.61 for validation in Kolla gauging station, respectively. After this Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to assess water demands. To assess irrigation water requirement of the sixteen (16) crop types CROPWAT 8.0 software was used. After assessing the currently existing demands Different scenarios were also developed to determine the future water demand, and unmet demand from overall time period of 2021-2050, This scenarios namely: reference, population growth and increased water demand scenario was established to determine increasing demands under increasing human as well as Livestock population, agricultural areas and different industrial activities. The current (2021) utilization is about 110.4 MCM for consumptive use and non-consumptive (EFR) use, For EFR 10% considered from available flow to maintain ecological functioning and water resource development in the watershed. The current demands fully met with available flows and for scenarios the assessed total annual water demand may be expected to be 126 MCM, 195.1 MCM and 341.8 MCM for the reference, high population growth, and increased water demand scenarios, except increased water demand scenario the other scenarios is met fully, It is appropriate to shape more effective policies and regulations in the area for effective water resources management in reducing water shortage and achieving downstream water needs in the future